SELF EFFICACY, EXPECTANCY, AND ADOLESCENT DRUG USE

许多解释性风险因素与病因有关 青少年酗酒和吸毒 响应于分集 这些因素的强度，预防计划有针对性地 广泛的假定风险因素，以减少年轻人 吸毒 也许最具工具性的风险因素， 预防干预措施是那些与信仰有关的干预措施， 吸毒的积极和消极后果。 大部分，如果不是全部， 预防计划包括改变人们对疾病的看法的策略。 通过教学实现药物使用的预期效益（预期结果） 青年关于不利的身体健康，法律的，个人和社会 与药物滥用有关的问题。 尽管有强大的理论 参数表明使用这些策略，相对较少的是 关于药物相关预期的发展， 更不知道他们的发展与其他 心理社会功能的各个方面 特别是低收入青年， 自尊可能与越轨的同龄人群体密切相关， 示范和间接领导有助于塑造积极的期望 毒品的伊势 除了关于其概念的问题外， 重要的是，可靠的预期评估工具太少， 大多数现有的比例都主要使用白色 样本，在规模建设或响应格式不同，并点击 酒精或烟草的期望，排除其他药物。 为了解决这些问题和相关问题，本研究建议： 大大扩展了持续的预期和病因 通过以下方式进行研究：（a）从心理测量学角度完善多轴评估 酒精和其他药物的预期在一个年轻的队列（第6 等级内城，少数民族青年）比以前检查;（B） 前瞻性地跟踪样本， 影响预期的因素（即，概念分化 （c）测试潜在的 调解机制，通过这些机制，预防方案 假设为案例行为改变（即，减少毒品）;以及 (d)使用适当的统计和验证模型 基于性别评估群体差异的技术， 心理社会风险状况、种族和药物使用模式（即， 不使用与使用）。 结果将有助于建立一个桥梁， 病因学和预防领域，以及进一步我们的 认知动机因素的理解 青少年吸毒的病因。

A host of explanatory risk factors have been linked to the etiology of adolescent alcohol and drug use. In response to the diversity and strength of these factors, prevention programs have targeted a wide range of putative risk factors in an effort to reduce youthful drug use. Perhaps the most instrumental risk factors in terms of prevention interventions are those related to beliefs about the positive and negative consequences of drug use. Most, if not all, prevention programs include strategies to alter beliefs about the expected benefits (anticipated outcomes) of drug use by teaching youth about the adverse physical health, legal, personal, and social problems associated with drug abuse. Despite strong theoretical arguments indicating the use of these strategies, relatively little is known regarding the development of drug-related expectancies, and even less is known about their developmental linkages to other facets of psychosocial functioning. In particular, youth with low self-esteem may affilate with deviant peer groups where direct modeling and vicariously leading help shape positive expectancies for drug ise. In addition to questions regarding their conceptual importance, too few reliable expectancy assessment tools exist, most existing scales have been normed using predominantly white samples, differ in scale construction or response formats, and tap alcohol or tobacco expectancies at the exclusion of other drugs. To address these and related issues, the current study proposes to considerably expand upon ongoing expectancy and etiology research by: (a) psychometrically refining a multi-axial assessment of alcohol and other drug expectancies in a younger cohort (6th grade inner-city, minority youth) than previously examined; (b) prospectively tracking the sample to examine developmental factors influencing expectancies (i.e., conceptual differentiation of expectancies into positive vs.negative); (c) testing the potential mediating mechanisms through which prevention programs are hypothesized to case behavioral change (i.e., drug reduction); and (d) using appropriate statistical and confirmatory modeling techniques to evaluate group differences based on gender, psychosocial risk status, ethnicity, and drug use patterns (i.e., nonuse versus use). The results wull help forge a bridge between etiology and prevention fields as well as furthering our understanding of cognitive motivational factors involved in the etiology of adolescent drug use.