SELF EFFICACY, EXPECTANCY, AND ADOLESCENT DRUG USE

许多解释性风险因素都与病因有关。 青少年酗酒和吸毒的风险。为了应对多样性 以及这些因素的力量，预防方案针对的是 广泛的假定风险因素，以努力减少年轻 吸毒。也许在以下方面最具工具性的风险因素 预防干预措施是与以下信念有关的干预措施 毒品使用的积极和消极后果。大多数，如果不是全部的话， 预防计划包括改变人们对艾滋病的看法的策略 教学用药的预期效益(预期结果) 青少年对有害的身体健康、法律、个人和社会的看法 与药物滥用有关的问题。尽管有很强的理论性 表明使用这些策略的论点相对较少 已知与毒品有关的预期的发展， 而对于它们与其他生物之间的发育联系更是知之甚少 心理社会功能的各个方面。尤其是低收入的年轻人 自尊可能会与偏离常理的同龄人群体建立联系， 模范和替代领导有助于形成积极的期望 因为吸毒。除了关于他们的概念的问题之外 重要的是，可靠的预期评估工具太少， 大多数现有的比例尺都使用了以白色为主的标准 样本，在刻度结构或响应格式上不同，并点击 在排除其他药物的情况下，酒精或烟草的预期。 为了解决这些和相关问题，本研究建议 在持续预期和病因学的基础上进行大量扩展 研究人员：(A)心理测量学精炼多轴评估 在更年轻的队列中酒精和其他药物的预期(第6位 市中心年级、少数民族青年)比以前检查的要多；(B) 前瞻性地跟踪样本以检查发育情况 影响期望的因素(即，概念上的差异 预期变为积极与消极)；(C)测试潜力 预防方案所通过的调解机制 假设为发生行为变化(即减少吸毒)；以及 (D)使用适当的统计和验证性建模 基于性别评估群体差异的技术， 心理社会风险状况、种族和吸毒模式(即， 不使用与使用)。结果将有助于在两国之间架起一座桥梁 病因学和预防领域以及进一步发展我们的 认知动机因素在认知行为中的作用 青少年吸毒的病因学。

A host of explanatory risk factors have been linked to the etiology of adolescent alcohol and drug use. In response to the diversity and strength of these factors, prevention programs have targeted a wide range of putative risk factors in an effort to reduce youthful drug use. Perhaps the most instrumental risk factors in terms of prevention interventions are those related to beliefs about the positive and negative consequences of drug use. Most, if not all, prevention programs include strategies to alter beliefs about the expected benefits (anticipated outcomes) of drug use by teaching youth about the adverse physical health, legal, personal, and social problems associated with drug abuse. Despite strong theoretical arguments indicating the use of these strategies, relatively little is known regarding the development of drug-related expectancies, and even less is known about their developmental linkages to other facets of psychosocial functioning. In particular, youth with low self-esteem may affilate with deviant peer groups where direct modeling and vicariously leading help shape positive expectancies for drug ise. In addition to questions regarding their conceptual importance, too few reliable expectancy assessment tools exist, most existing scales have been normed using predominantly white samples, differ in scale construction or response formats, and tap alcohol or tobacco expectancies at the exclusion of other drugs. To address these and related issues, the current study proposes to considerably expand upon ongoing expectancy and etiology research by: (a) psychometrically refining a multi-axial assessment of alcohol and other drug expectancies in a younger cohort (6th grade inner-city, minority youth) than previously examined; (b) prospectively tracking the sample to examine developmental factors influencing expectancies (i.e., conceptual differentiation of expectancies into positive vs.negative); (c) testing the potential mediating mechanisms through which prevention programs are hypothesized to case behavioral change (i.e., drug reduction); and (d) using appropriate statistical and confirmatory modeling techniques to evaluate group differences based on gender, psychosocial risk status, ethnicity, and drug use patterns (i.e., nonuse versus use). The results wull help forge a bridge between etiology and prevention fields as well as furthering our understanding of cognitive motivational factors involved in the etiology of adolescent drug use.