Biotelemetry/Bio-aerial-platforms for the Urban Boundary Layer

近年来，由于城市边界层（UBL）气象数据的缺乏，特别是在建筑物高度以上但接近建筑物高度的区域，改善气象学和数值天气预报模式中城市部分的尝试受到阻碍。这一区域正是当地能量平衡和阻力联合收割机与流行天气模式相结合，在空间尺度上上下传递流体动力学信息的地方，这对以下方面有影响：（i）城市天气预报，（ii）事件预报（例如，热浪、体育赛事期间的气候条件、有害物质的释放），以及（iii）高密度宜居城市的可持续城市规划。然而，在平均屋顶高度以上的城市地区捕获气象数据使用传统技术是有问题的。我们提出生物遥测/生物空中平台作为一种新颖的和切实可行的解决方案，城市屋顶以上的数据缺乏的UBL，并规避有关使用无人驾驶航空系统的监管问题。我们将开发一套低成本的航空气象仪器包（AvMIP）合奏部署在伯明翰作为一个适当的大型和异构的测试案例。将对AvMIP进行严格测试，以确定：（i）数据偏差和可靠性;（ii）传感器对温度变化的响应;（iii）辐射影响;以及（iv）鸟类体温的影响和其他“平台效应”。在确定包装的质量保证和控制是足够的之后，AvMIP部署的主要目标将是城市和社区尺度的UBL的热和湿度结构。将通过使用中尺度气象模型（WRF，天气研究和预报）的部署前建模来确定部署的有利天气条件。随后对AvMIP数据进行分析和解释，并将数据与伯明翰的峡谷（3米）气象数据进行合成，这些数据将通过测量期间的部署后建模来辅助。总的来说，该项目将提供一种新颖的，经过严格测试的探测UBL的技术。一个独特的数据集的UBL的一个主要的欧洲大都市将获得，阐明气候缓解问题，如冷却（或加热）能力/容量的一个大型公园（或市中心）的城市的UBL，和科学问题，如“混合高度”的大小，在城市表面异质性的影响不再检测。该项目的成功将是部署化学传感器的必要一步，并导致为研究和城市规划目的生成前所未有的城市大气数据集。我们提议的这种新型实地部署需要与各种利益攸关方建立强有力的伙伴关系。皇家赛鸽协会（RPRA）在赛鸽的表现方面提供了重要的支持。RPRA有在鸽子身上安装有效载荷的经验，因此可以确保我们的有效载荷在尺寸、重量等方面都是合适的，我们的信鸽部署将提供我们所寻求的数据。 伯明翰市理事会将通过三种方式支持该项目：1.作为我们研究结果的主要最终用户之一（通过城市-大学联合BUCCANEER项目，为改善整个城市的城市气候学诊断和预测提供信息）; 2. 3.在公园等市区空地，方便市民使用雀鸟;及为了方便进入海鸥筑巢的城市建筑。 Stefan Bodnar博士是一名生态顾问，他将作为主要的鸟类管理者和公众传播我们工作的顾问来支持这个项目。

Attempts to improve the urban component in meteorology and numerical weather prediction models in recent years have been hampered by a paucity of meteorological data in the urban boundary layer (UBL), especially in the region above, but close to, building height. This region is precisely where local energy balances and drag combine with prevailing synoptic patterns to transmit fluid dynamical information up and down spatial scales, with implications for (i) urban weather prediction, (ii) event forecasting (e.g. heatwaves, climatic conditions during sporting events, releases of hazardous substances), and (iii) sustainable urban planning for high density liveable cities. However, capturing meteorological data in urban areas above the mean roof height is problematic using conventional techniques. We propose Biotelemetry/bio-aerial-platforms as a novel and practicable solution to the data paucity above urban rooftops in the UBL, and to circumvent the regulatory issues related to use of unmanned aerial systems. We will develop a suite of low-cost Avian-Meteorology-Instrument Packages (AvMIPs) for ensemble deployment in Birmingham as a suitably large and heterogeneous test case. The AvMIPs will be tested rigorously to determine: (i) data biases and reliability; (ii) sensor response to temperature variations; (iii) effect of radiation; and (iv) effect of bird's body temperature and other 'platform effects'. After quality assurance and control of the packages have been determined to be adequate, the primary targets of the AvMIP deployment will be the thermal and moisture structures of the UBL at the city and neighbourhood scales. Favourable weather conditions for deployment will be identified via pre-deployment modelling using a mesoscale meteorological model (WRF, Weather Research and Forecasting). Subsequent analysis and interpretation of the AvMIP data and synthesis of the data together with Birmingham's canyon (3m) meteorological data will be assisted by post-deployment modelling for the measurement periods. Overall, this project will deliver a novel, and rigorously tested, technology for probing the UBL. A unique dataset for the UBL of a major European conurbation will be obtained, elucidating climate mitigation issues such as the cooling (or heating) capability/capacity of a large park (or a city centre) to a city's UBL, and scientific issues such as the magnitude of the 'blending height' at which the effect of urban surface heterogeneity is no longer detectable. Success of the project will be a necessary step towards deployment of chemical sensors, and lead to generation of unprecedented datasets of the urban atmosphere for both research and city-planning purposes. Novel field deployments of the kind we propose require strong partnerships with a wide variety of stakeholders. The Royal Pigeon Racing Association (RPRA) provide critical support in terms of birds that will behave in well determined ways. The RPRA have experience of mounting payloads on pigeons and so can ensure that our payloads are appropriately in size, weight, etc., and that our pigeon deployments will deliver the data we seek. Birmingham City Council will support the project in three ways: 1. As one of the principal end-users of our results (feeding into improved diagnosis and forecasting of urban climatology across the city through the joint city-university BUCCANEER project); 2. In order to facilitate use of birds in open urban spaces such as parks; and 3. In order to facilitate access to city buildings on which gulls are nesting. Dr Stefan Bodnar, an ecological consultant, will support the project by acting as principal bird handler and as a consultant for public dissemination of our work.