First study of the global Nickel and Aluminium Layers in the upper atmosphere (NIALL)

首次研究高层大气中的全球镍和铝层（NIALL）

基本信息

批准号：
NE/P001815/1
负责人：
John Plane
金额：
$ 80.21万
依托单位：
University of Leeds
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2017
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2017 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FP001815%2F1
关键词：
First study global Nickel Aluminium

项目摘要

The edge of the Earth's atmosphere is approximately 100 km above the surface, in a region known as the mesosphere/lower thermosphere (MLT). This part of the atmosphere is subject to high energy inputs from above in the form of extreme UV radiation and energetic particle precipitation, and a roughly equal amount of energy from breaking atmospheric gravity waves which propagate up from the lower atmosphere. The MLT also acts as a filter of waves that propagate from the troposphere into the ionosphere, which has important implications for space weather. Furthermore, energetic solar protons and electrons from the radiation belts produce highly reactive species in the MLT, which can then be transported down into the stratosphere, affecting the ozone layer and impacting on tropospheric climate. The MLT is also extremely sensitive to climate change, due to the cooling effect of increasing greenhouse gases such as CO2, ozone depletion in the stratosphere, and changes to the large-scale atmospheric circulation. However, it is a difficult region in which to make direct measurements, because it is more than 40 km higher than altitudes reached by research balloons or aircraft, and is at least 100 km lower than short-lived satellite orbits. Rocket-borne measurements do provide direct access, but are unsuitable for sustained global measurements. Fortunately, the ablation of cosmic dust particles entering the atmosphere from space deposits metal atoms such as Na and Fe in layers around 90 km altitude. These layers can be observed with lasers from the ground (lidar) and by satellite-borne spectrometers, providing detailed information about the chemistry and physics (wind, temperature, gravity waves) of the region. There is increasing evidence that accurate simulations of changes to the Earth's climate require models with a well resolved and accurate stratosphere and mesosphere, and so metal species in the upper atmosphere offer a unique way of observing this region and of testing the accuracy of climate models.The purpose of this proposal is to make the first ever study of Ni and Al chemistry in the MLT. The Ni layer has recently been observed for the first time: it is much broader than the well-studied layers such as Na and Fe, and the concentration of Ni atoms is more than 10 times higher than expected based on its cosmic abundance. These very unexpected features need to be understood, since there is the clear potential to develop lidar observations of the Ni layer as a probe of the entire MLT from 70 to 115 km. Aluminium makes a very interesting contrast with Ni. The Al-O bond is so strong that it is very likely there is a substantial layer of the AlO radical in the MLT. This species has a strong optical absorption in the green part of the visible spectrum, and so there is the exciting prospect of making lidar observations of AlO and developing an accurate temperature probe over the full range of mesospheric temperatures.The project will involve first making a series of experimental studies of key neutral and ion-molecule reaction rates in the gas phase, in order to understand the unique characteristics of the Ni layer and the likely concentration of the AlO layer. At the same time, we will use a novel instrument to simulate the ablation of Ni and Al from micron-sized fragments of meteorites such as Allende and Murchison. From this a model will be developed which predicts the injection rates of these elements into the MLT as a function of location and season. The chemistry of Ni and Al, together with their meteoric ablation rates, will then be placed into a global chemistry-climate model. Of particular interest will be to see how the Ni and AlO layers are predicted to respond to perturbations caused by major solar storms, the 11-year solar cycle, and climate change in the MLT over the past 70 years and projected forward to 2100.

地球大气的边缘在表面上方约100公里处，在称为中层/下热层（MLT）的区域。大气的这一部分以极端的紫外线辐射和能量颗粒的降水形式从上方获得高能量输入，而大气中的大气重力波则大致相等的能量，从下层大气中传播。 MLT还充当了从对流层传播到电离层的波滤波器，这对太空天气具有重要意义。此外，来自辐射带的能量太阳能质子和电子在MLT中产生高反应性的物种，然后可以将其传输到平流层中，影响臭氧层并影响对流层气候。由于增加温室气体（例如CO2，臭氧耗竭）以及对大规模大气循环的变化，MLT也对气候变化非常敏感。但是，这是一个很难进行直接测量的区域，因为它比研究气球或飞机所达到的高度高40公里，并且比短暂的卫星轨道低100公里。火箭携带的测量确实可以直接访问，但不适合持续的全球测量。幸运的是，宇宙灰尘颗粒的消融从空间沉积物中进入大气中的金属原子，例如Na和Fe，高度约为90 km。可以用地面（激光雷达）和卫星传播光谱仪的激光观察这些层，从而提供有关该地区化学和物理（风，温度，重力波）的详细信息。越来越多的证据表明，对地球气候变化的准确模拟需要具有良好分辨，准确的平流层和中层层的模型，因此上层大气中的金属物种为观察该地区的独特方式和测试气候模型的准确性提供了独特的方式。该提案的目的是对NI和MLT中的NI和AL化学进行首次研究。最近首次观察到了NI层：它比诸如Na和Fe等良好研究的层宽得多，基于其宇宙丰度，Ni原子的浓度比预期高10倍以上。这些非常出乎意料的特征需要被理解，因为有明显的潜力从70到115 km开始对NI层的激光观测作为探针。铝与NI形成鲜明对比。 Al-O键是如此之强，以至于MLT中很可能有大量的ALO自由基。该物种在可见光谱的绿色部分具有很强的光学吸收，因此，在整个中层温度的全部范围内，有一个令人兴奋的前景，可以使痛苦观察到ALO的观察结果并开发准确的温度探针。该项目将首先涉及对钥匙中性和离子 - 分子反应的一系列实验性研究，以使其在较大的情况下以ni的特点和ni seption seplysization and ni ni and ni seplysization and ni ni and ni seplysization and ni sepersistion and ni。同时，我们将使用一种新颖的仪器来模拟Ni和Al从Micron大小的陨石片段（例如Allende和Murchison）的消融。将开发出一个模型，该模型可以预测这些元素对MLT的注入速率，这是位置和季节的函数。 Ni和Al的化学效果以及它们的气象消融速率将被置于全球化学气候模型中。特别令人感兴趣的是，将如何预测NI和ALO层如何应对由大太阳风暴，11年的太阳周期以及MLT在过去70年中的气候变化引起的扰动，并预计将前进到2100年。

项目成果

期刊论文数量（10）

专著数量（0）

科研奖励数量（0）

会议论文数量（0）

专利数量（0）

On the relationship between the mesospheric sodium layer and the meteoric input function

中层钠层与大气输入函数的关系

DOI：
10.5194/angeo-2023-20
发表时间：
2023
期刊：
影响因子：
0
作者：
Li Y
通讯作者：
Li Y

The Meteoric Ni Layer in the Upper Atmosphere

高层大气中的流星镍层

DOI：
10.1029/2020ja028083
发表时间：
2020
期刊：
Space Physics
影响因子：
0
作者：
Daly S
通讯作者：
Daly S

A Comparison of the Midlatitude Nickel and Sodium Layers in the Mesosphere: Observations and Modeling

DOI：
10.1029/2021ja030170
发表时间：
2022-02
期刊：
Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
影响因子：
0
作者：
J. Jiao;W. Feng;Fang Wu;Fuju Wu;Haorang Zheng;Lifang Du;Guotao Yang;J. Plane
通讯作者：
J. Jiao;W. Feng;Fang Wu;Fuju Wu;Haorang Zheng;Lifang Du;Guotao Yang;J. Plane

Cosmic dust fluxes in the atmospheres of Earth, Mars, and Venus