Ecosystem resilience and recovery from the Permo-Triassic crisis

二叠纪-三叠纪危机中的生态系统恢复力和恢复

• 批准号: NE/P013724/1
• 负责人: Paul Wignall
• 金额: $ 147.51万
• 依托单位: University of Leeds
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2017 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FP013724%2F1
• 关键词: Ecosystem; resilience; recovery; Permo; Triassic

It is hard not to have a fascination for the Permo-Triassic mass extinction (PTME). No other catastrophe in history of the world was so far-reaching and all encompassing. Even the death of the dinosaurs does not look quite as bad when compared with the PTME because, even though these terrestrial giants were wiped out, lots of other things survived, especially at the bottom of the ocean. In contrast, no environment, no habitat and no location was safe at the end of the Permian. Death struck in the deepest oceans, in the shallowest waters, and from the equator to the pole. Understanding what happened during the PTME, ~250 myrs ago, and how life recovered is the subject of a new NERC-funded research programme. Called Eco-PT, it is a major collaboration between British and Chinese scientists. The finger of blame for the PTME points to a giant volcanic region in Siberia. These erupted at the time of the extinction and belched out huge volumes of damaging gases. This included carbon dioxide which is thought to have caused dramatic greenhouse warming and lead to dangerously hot, oxygen-poor and acidified oceans - all bad consequences for marine life. What isn't understood is why conditions got so bad - there have been other giant volcanic eruptions that have not done anywhere near so much harm. The project will look at the extinctions on land and in the sea to examine when and how these two very different ecosystems collapsed. Did everything die at once or did the extinction on land precede that in the oceans or vice versa? China has the best rocks in the world for such a study and intense collecting of fossils will help answer these questions. Precise controls on the age will be achieved using new, ultra-high precision age dating involving uranium decay in volcanic minerals. It is also possible that there was feedback between the terrestrial and marine extinctions, for example plant dieback on land may have changed nutrient input into the oceans and so altered plankton populations that normal food webs were no longer sustainable. The potential causes will be investigated using the latest techniques. Thus, a new technique, involving analysis of molecules in fossil pollen will be used to asses the role of ozone loss. Other volcanic gases, such a sulphur dioxide may also have been involved in the terrestrial extinction and this role can now be investigated by examining trace concentration of sulphur compounds and their isotopes preserved in terrestrial rocks that formed at this time in China. State-of-the-art modelling approaches will also be used to better understand regional and global climate changes during and after the mass extinction and to reconstruct the style of ecosystem recovery. Climate modelling of different scenarios will enable these conditions to be better understand and will help us understand the nature of super-greenhouse worlds with greater clarity. The prolonged recovery from the PTME is also one of the most fascinating intervals of the world's history. Some groups bounce back quickly whereas others remained in the doldrums for millions of years. The recovery style varied greatly; some groups show an increase in diversity but not their disparity whereas others show an increase of both. What this meant for ecosystem stability and its resilience (ability to cope with further stresses) will be investigated using ecosystem modelling approaches that look at interaction between species and the interplay between form and function in terrestrial animals.

很难不迷恋渗透质量灭绝（PTME）。世界历史上没有其他灾难如此深远，而且都涵盖了一切。与PTME相比，即使是恐龙的死亡也不那么糟糕，因为即使这些陆地巨人被淘汰了，但许多其他事物也幸存下来，尤其是在海洋底部。相比之下，在二叠纪末端没有任何环境，没有栖息地和任何位置是安全的。死亡在最深的海洋，最浅的水域，从赤道到杆子袭击。了解PTME期间发生的事情，大约250 MYR，以及新的NERC资助研究计划的主题是如何恢复的。它被称为Eco-PT，是英国和中国科学家之间的主要合作。 PTME责备的手指指向西伯利亚的一个巨大的火山区。这些在灭绝时爆发，并散发出大量破坏性气体。其中包括二氧化碳，二氧化碳被认为引起了戏剧性的温室变暖，并导致危险的炎热，贫血和酸化的海洋 - 这对海洋生物造成了不良后果。尚不清楚的是为什么条件变得如此糟糕 - 还有其他巨大的火山喷发尚未发生如此巨大的伤害。该项目将研究陆地和海洋中的灭绝，以检查这两个非常不同的生态系统何时以及如何崩溃。一切都一次死亡还是在土地上灭绝之前的灭绝，反之亦然？中国拥有这样一项研究和对化石收集的强烈收集的世界上最好的岩石将有助于回答这些问题。使用涉及火山矿物质铀衰减的新的，超高的精度年龄，将实现对年龄的精确控制。陆地灭绝和海洋灭绝之间也可能有反馈，例如，土地上的植物死亡可能改变了对海洋的营养输入，因此浮游生物种群改变了，正常食物网不再可持续。潜在原因将使用最新技术进行研究。因此，一种涉及化石花粉中分子分析的新技术将用于评估臭氧损失的作用。其他火山气体，这种二氧化硫也可能参与陆地灭绝，现在可以通过检查硫化合物的痕量浓度及其同位素保存在中国形成的陆生岩石中。最先进的建模方法还将用于更好地了解大规模灭绝期间和之后的区域和全球气候变化，并重建生态系统恢复的风格。不同场景的气候建模将使这些条件能够更好地理解，并有助于我们更加清晰地了解超级绿屋世界的本质。从PTME长期恢复也是世界历史上最迷人的间隔之一。一些团体很快反弹，而另一些团体在低迷中持续了数百万年。恢复风格差异很大。一些小组表现出多样性的增加，但差异没有增加，而另一些小组则表现出两者的增加。这对生态系统稳定性及其韧性（应对进一步的压力的能力）的意义将使用生态系统建模方法研究，这些方法观察物种与陆地动物形式与功能之间的相互作用之间的相互作用。

项目成果

Phylogenetic classification and evolution of Early Triassic conodonts

• DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110731
• 发表时间: 2021-10
• 期刊: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
• 作者: Ruoyu Bai;Haijun Song;M. Benton;L. Tian

The origin of endothermy in synapsids and archosaurs and arms races in the Triassic

• DOI: 10.1016/j.gr.2020.08.003
• 发表时间: 2021-11-03
• 期刊: GONDWANA RESEARCH
• 影响因子: 6.1
• 作者: Benton，Michael J.

Hyperthermal-driven mass extinctions: killing models during the Permian-Triassic mass extinction.

• DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0076
• 发表时间: 2018-10-13
• 期刊: Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences
• 作者: Benton MJ

An Enigmatic Neodiapsid Reptile from the Middle Triassic of England

• DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2020.1781143
• 发表时间: 2020-10-06
• 期刊: JOURNAL OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY
• 影响因子: 1.4
• 作者: Cavicchini, Iacopo;Zaher, Marta;Benton, Michael J.
• 通讯作者: Benton, Michael J.

The Angiosperm Terrestrial Revolution and the origins of modern biodiversity

• DOI: 10.1111/nph.17822
• 发表时间: 2021-11-16
• 期刊: NEW PHYTOLOGIST
• 影响因子: 9.4
• 作者: Benton, Michael J.;Wilf, Peter;Sauquet, Herve
• 通讯作者: Sauquet, Herve