Carbonate Chemistry Autonomous Sensor System (CarCASS)

碳酸盐化学自主传感器系统 (CarCASS)

• 批准号: NE/P02081X/1
• 负责人: Matt Mowlem
• 金额: $ 131.22万
• 依托单位: NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY CENTRE
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2017 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FP02081X%2F1
• 关键词: Carbonate; Chemistry; Autonomous; Sensor; System

Humans release approximately 10 petagrams of carbon per year into the atmosphere, mainly through combustion of fossil fuels, about half of which is absorbed by the ocean. As CO2 enters the ocean it dissolves to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), a weak acid which readily dissociates to bicarbonate (HCO3-) and carbonate (CO32-) ions, and H+ lowering the pH of seawater. This process, defined as Ocean Acidification, has been documented in several oceanic reservoirs through time series observations and is expected to have adverse consequences on marine life and especially marine calcifiers (crustaceans, shellfish, some plankton species, corals etc.) which form hard structures from CaCO3. Ocean acidification is expected to cost the world economy 1 trillion USD annually by 2100 through negative impacts on ecosystem services. In the UK, four of the ten most valuable marine species are calcifying shellfish or crustaceans with an annual worth around £250m. Furthermore, aquaculture of shellfish is worth annually about £30m. High spatial and temporal resolution measurements of carbonate chemistry parameters are therefore needed to concurrently characterise variability in space and time to better understand biological tolerances and societal responses to ocean acidification. Although efforts have been made to increase the availability of high resolution carbonate chemistry observations in the ocean, the lack of automated high performance low cost carbonate sensors continues to hold back continuous and spatially extensive carbonate chemistry measurements using autonomous vehicles. Developing sensors capable of fulfilling future Marine Autonomous System (MAS) deployment goals, is therefore a matter of urgency for deciphering knowledge gaps and uncertainties in our understanding of the global ocean carbon cycle and optimisation of global models of ocean acidification and its impacts. At the Ocean Technology and Engineering Group (OTEG) of the National Oceanography Centre (NOC) we develop sensors for in situ measurements of biogeochemical, physical and biological parameters in the ocean including Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC), Total Alkalinity (TA) and pH. Currently these sensors are still at a relatively early developmental stage (Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 4-6). In this proposal we request funds to advance the TRL of these technologies and integrate them into a small autonomous device we call Carbonate Chemistry Autonomous Sensor System (CarCASS). The CarCASS will also incorporate an award winning fast measuring pH sensor, developed by our partners ANB Sensors, which as part of this work we will advance from TRL 6 to TRL 8. The CarCASS will be small enough for integration on most MAS including the Autosub Long Range (ALR), Kongsberg Seaglider, C-Enduro ASV, Wave Glider and Argo floats. As an integrated system, CarCASS will be the first device capable of autonomous complete characterisation of the seawater carbonate chemistry from surface to full ocean depth. Each sensor component will be fully autonomous and capable of being deployed independently. The DIC and TA sensors will be the first devices capable of autonomous measurements at full ocean depth while the pH sensors will provide for the first time fast (0.1 Hz) self-calibrated measurements autonomously anywhere in the ocean. This project will deliver tools which will enable continuous and spatially extensive carbonate chemistry measurements in the ocean deciphering knowledge gaps and uncertainties in our understanding of the global ocean carbon cycle.

人类每年向大气中释放约10千兆克的碳，主要是通过燃烧化石燃料，其中约一半被海洋吸收。当二氧化碳进入海洋时，它溶解形成碳酸（H2 CO 3），这是一种弱酸，容易分解为碳酸氢根（HCO 3-）和碳酸根（CO 32-）离子，以及H+，降低海水的pH值。这一过程被定义为海洋酸化，已通过时间序列观测记录了几个海洋水库，预计将对海洋生物，特别是海洋钙化生物（甲壳类动物、贝类、一些浮游生物物种、珊瑚等）产生不利影响。由CaCO 3形成硬结构。预计到2100年，海洋酸化对生态系统服务的负面影响将使世界经济每年损失1万亿美元。在英国，十大最有价值的海洋物种中有四种是钙化贝类或甲壳类动物，每年价值约2.5亿英镑。此外，贝类水产养殖每年价值约3000万英镑。因此，需要对碳酸盐化学参数进行高空间和时间分辨率的测量，以同时监测空间和时间的变化，从而更好地了解海洋酸化的生物耐受性和社会反应。尽管已经做出努力来增加海洋中高分辨率碳酸盐化学观测的可用性，但缺乏自动化高性能低成本碳酸盐传感器继续阻碍使用自主车辆进行连续和空间广泛的碳酸盐化学测量。因此，开发能够实现未来海洋自主系统（MAS）部署目标的传感器，是我们理解全球海洋碳循环和优化海洋酸化及其影响全球模型的知识差距和不确定性的当务之急。在国家海洋学中心（NOC）的海洋技术和工程组（OTEG），我们开发了用于海洋中生物化学，物理和生物参数（包括溶解无机碳（DIC），总碱度（TA）和pH值）的原位测量的传感器。目前，这些传感器仍处于相对早期的开发阶段（技术准备水平（TRL）4-6）。在这项提案中，我们申请资金来推进这些技术的TRL，并将它们集成到一个小型自主设备中，我们称之为碳酸盐化学自主传感器系统（CarCASS）。CarCASS还将采用由我们的合作伙伴ANB Sensors开发的屡获殊荣的快速测量pH传感器，作为这项工作的一部分，我们将从TRL 6提升到TRL 8。CarCASS将足够小，可以集成在大多数MAS上，包括Autosub Long Range（ALR），孔斯贝格Seaglider，C-Enduro ASV，Wave Glider和Argo Floats。作为一个综合系统，CarCASS将是第一个能够自主完整表征从表面到整个海洋深度的海水碳酸盐化学的设备。每个传感器组件将完全自主，并能够独立部署。DIC和TA传感器将是第一个能够在全海洋深度进行自主测量的设备，而pH传感器将首次在海洋的任何地方提供快速（0.1 Hz）自校准测量。该项目将提供工具，使海洋中连续和空间广泛的碳酸盐化学测量能够破译我们对全球海洋碳循环的理解中的知识差距和不确定性。

项目成果

Characterization of meta-Cresol Purple for spectrophotometric pH measurements in saline and hypersaline media at sub-zero temperatures.

• DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02624-0
• 发表时间: 2017-05-30
• 期刊: Scientific reports
• 影响因子: 4.6
• 作者: Loucaides S;Rèrolle VMC;Papadimitriou S;Kennedy H;Mowlem MC;Dickson AG;Gledhill M;Achterberg EP
• 通讯作者: Achterberg EP

Air-Sea Gas Fluxes and Remineralization From a Novel Combination of pH and O2 Sensors on a Glider

滑翔机上 pH 和 O2 传感器的新型组合的空气-海洋气体通量和再矿化

• DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.696772
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Frontiers in Marine Science
• 影响因子: 3.7
• 作者: Possenti L

High Resolution pH Measurements Using a Lab-on-Chip Sensor in Surface Waters of Northwest European Shelf Seas.

• DOI: 10.3390/s18082622
• 发表时间: 2018-08-10
• 期刊: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
• 作者: Rérolle VMC;Achterberg EP;Ribas-Ribas M;Kitidis V;Brown I;Bakker DCE;Lee GA;Mowlem MC
• 通讯作者: Mowlem MC

Detecting and mapping a CO2 plume with novel autonomous pH sensors on an underwater vehicle

• DOI: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2021.103477
• 发表时间: 2021-12
• 期刊: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
• 影响因子: 3.9
• 作者: Sam Monk;A. Schaap;R. Hanz;S. Borisov;S. Loucaides;M. Arundell;S. Papadimitriou;J. Walk;Daisy Tong;J. Wyatt;M. Mowlem

Industry Partnership: Lab on Chip Chemical Sensor Technology for Ocean Observing

• DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.697611
• 发表时间: 2021-10-20
• 期刊: FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE
• 影响因子: 3.7
• 作者: Mowlem, Matt;Beaton, Alexander;Lopez-Garcia, Patricia
• 通讯作者: Lopez-Garcia, Patricia