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The colonisation of hydrothermal vents by complex life: a natural experiment in macroevolution

复杂生命在热液喷口的殖民：宏观进化的自然实验

基本信息

批准号：
NE/R000670/1
负责人：
Adrian Glover
金额：
$ 53.43万
依托单位：
Natural History Museum
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2017
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2017 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FR000670%2F1
关键词：
colonisation hydrothermal vents complex life

项目摘要

Our proposal unites a multidisciplinary team of researchers from mineralogy, palaeontology, deep-sea biology and genetics to provide an integrated picture of when and how some of the most remarkable environments on our planet were colonised by highly-specialised animals, and inform modern deep-sea conservation challenges.The discovery of hydrothermal vents in the deep sea during the late 1970s revolutionised our understanding of the limits of life on our planet. These explorations uncovered incredibly lush ecosystems supported by chemosynthesis, a carbon-fixation process previously deemed insignificant, and faunas with many novel adaptations to surviving in this dark habitat characterised by the ejection of extremely hot, toxic fluids from the seafloor. Despite their seemingly-hostile conditions, we now know that animals have thrived around vents for at least 440 million years, and that diverse taxonomic lineages have continually adapted to this environment over the course of Earth's history. Surprisingly, rather than functioning as evolutionary refuges in which ancient relict faunas have survived in isolation from large-scale environmental changes, evolution at vents appears to have occurred numerous times. This suggests that vents have an intriguing role as incubators of evolutionary novelty, their importance in evolution also highlighted by theories that life itself originated within this setting.Since their initial exploration, significant milestones have been achieved in surveying these ecosystems and in understanding the intimate interactions that modern vent faunas have with the microorganisms that support them. However, answers to fundamental questions of when animals first transitioned to occupy this environment, the processes driving the adaptation of new vent animals and the biological basis for vent colonisation are still lacking. A grasp of these principles is vitally important to understanding how animals adapt to unstable temperature regimes, and of how large-scale environmental changes affect the deep sea, the world's largest ecosystem. This is particularly pertinent today as the deep sea is increasingly affected by human activities, but how it responds to impacts such as climate change and mining operations is unknown.To gain vital evolutionary insights into the colonisation of hydrothermal vents, both in the modern ocean and throughout Earth history, we propose a comprehensive research programme guided by four hypotheses: H1) animals colonised hydrothermal vent environments soon after the Cambrian Explosion of life; H2) new vent habitat formation has repeatedly driven vent animal evolution over time; H3) ancient vent animals exhibited similar associations with microorganisms to modern vent animals to survive within harsh vent environments; and H4) adaptation to vent environmental regimes is evolutionarily rapid.We will assemble primary data for this project from field studies of key geological localities in Norway, Canada and Tasmania, which likely contain the oldest known bone-fide vent animals, and the southern Ural Mountains where a remarkable 100 million year fossil history of ancient vents is preserved. Together, these regions contain some of the best-preserved ancient hydrothermal vent deposits in the world. Collected fossil samples will be subjected to new detailed palaeontological investigations, and high resolution sulphur isotopic analyses. To investigate recent and ongoing adaptation at modern hydrothermal vents we will work on samples of traditional non-vent fauna that we can observe colonising new hydrothermal systems, using advanced DNA techniques.

我们的提案联合了一个由矿物学、古生物学、深海生物学和遗传学等多学科研究人员组成的团队，提供了一幅关于我们星球上一些最显著的环境何时以及如何被高度专业化的动物殖民的综合图片，并为现代深海保护挑战提供了信息。20世纪70年代末，深海热液喷口的发现彻底改变了我们对地球上生命极限的认识。这些探索发现了由化学合成支持的令人难以置信的繁茂生态系统，这是一种以前被认为微不足道的碳固定过程，以及许多适应在这个黑暗栖息地生存的动物，其特征是从海底喷出极热的有毒液体。尽管它们的环境看起来很恶劣，但我们现在知道，动物在喷口附近繁衍生息了至少4.4亿年，在地球历史的进程中，各种分类谱系不断适应这种环境。令人惊讶的是，火山口的进化似乎已经发生过无数次，而不是作为古代遗存动物在大规模环境变化中孤立生存的进化避难所。这表明，作为进化新事物的孵化器，火山口具有有趣的作用，它们在进化中的重要性也被生命本身起源于此环境的理论所强调。自他们最初的探索以来，在调查这些生态系统和了解现代喷口动物与支持它们的微生物之间的密切相互作用方面取得了重要的里程碑。然而，对于动物何时首次过渡到占据这种环境，驱动新喷口动物适应的过程以及喷口定植的生物学基础等基本问题的答案仍然缺乏。掌握这些原理对于理解动物如何适应不稳定的温度制度，以及大规模的环境变化如何影响深海这个世界上最大的生态系统至关重要。随着人类活动对深海的影响越来越大，这一点在今天尤为重要，但它如何应对气候变化和采矿作业等影响尚不清楚。为了在现代海洋和整个地球历史中获得对热液喷口殖民化的重要进化见解，我们提出了一个全面的研究计划，以四个假设为指导：H1)动物在寒武纪生命大爆发后不久就殖民了热液喷口环境；H2)随着时间的推移，新的喷口栖息地的形成反复推动喷口动物的进化；H3)古代喷口动物与现代喷口动物表现出相似的与微生物的联系，以便在恶劣的喷口环境中生存；H4)对排气环境的适应在进化上是迅速的。我们将在挪威、加拿大和塔斯马尼亚岛的关键地质地点进行实地研究，收集项目的原始数据，这些地点可能包含已知最古老的真正的喷口动物，而乌拉尔山脉南部则保存了1亿年的古代喷口化石历史。这些地区共同拥有世界上保存最完好的古代热液喷口沉积物。收集到的化石样本将进行新的详细的古生物学调查，并进行高分辨率的硫同位素分析。为了研究现代热液喷口最近和正在进行的适应性，我们将研究传统非喷口动物的样本，我们可以使用先进的DNA技术观察到新的热液系统的殖民。

项目成果

期刊论文数量（10）

专著数量（0）

科研奖励数量（0）

会议论文数量（0）

专利数量（0）

A tale of two tubeworms: taxonomy of vestimentiferans (Annelida: Siboglinidae) from the Mid-Cayman Spreading Centre

DOI：
10.1071/is22047
发表时间：
2023-03-22
期刊：
INVERTEBRATE SYSTEMATICS
影响因子：
2.2
作者：
Georgieva，Magdalena N. N.;Rimskaya-Korsakova，Nadezhda N. N.;Glover，Adrian G. G.
通讯作者：
Glover，Adrian G. G.

Electronic Supplementary Material: methods, figures and tables from Microbial-tubeworm associations in a 440 million year old hydrothermal vent community.

电子补充材料：来自 4.4 亿年前热液喷口群落微生物管虫协会的方法、数据和表格。