NSFGEO-NERC: Tsunamis from large volume eruptions

NSFGEO-NERC：大规模喷发引发海啸

• 批准号: NE/S003509/1
• 负责人: David Tappin
• 金额: $ 37.38万
• 依托单位: British Geological Survey
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2018 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FS003509%2F1
• 关键词: NSFGEO; NERC; Tsunamis; large; volume

The greatest loss of life from any historic volcanic eruption-generated tsunami was in 1883 when the Krakatau volcano in Indonesia erupted. During this large-volume, caldera-forming event, multiple, volcanically-triggered tsunamis were generated which, on striking the adjacent coasts of Java and Sumatra, killed approximately 33,000 people. The proposed tsunami generation mechanisms include pyroclastic density flows produced from collapsing eruption columns, explosions, caldera collapse and a lateral blast. Yet, despite numerous published papers on the relative contributions to the tsunami from these mechanisms, they are still not clearly identified or defined, and have been a source of speculation and controversy for over 130 years. In this multi-disciplinary study, the research on the Krakatau will improve our understanding of tsunamis generated by volcanic eruptions, especially those from large-volume, caldera-forming events which, because of their proximity to the sea, have the potential to generate devastating tsunamis. As a large-volume, caldera-forming event Krakatau is representative of other, similar examples, such as Santorini (southern Aegean) in 3500 BP and Kikai (Japan) in 7500 BP. Like these older, prehistoric events, the Krakatau eruption includes diverse tsunami generating mechanisms including pyroclastic density current (PDC) discharges into the sea, caldera collapse, and explosions. One of the critical aspects of Krakatau, which single it out as the best event to study is the post event survey carried out immediately after the eruption by Verbeek, which describes the eruption and the impact of the eruption and tsunami. These descriptions provide validation of the new numerical tsunami modelling, which is not available from any other analogous event. The broader background to the research is that new understandings of tsunami generation from other mechanisms, such as earthquakes, landslides, and volcanic collapse, has largely resulted from recent devastating events, such as Papua New Guinea, 1998, the Indian Ocean, 2004, and Japan, 2011. These events have caused over 300,000 fatalities and US$30 billion of damage. Due to the lack of a major recent event, eruption generated tsunamis remain largely unresearched. This multidisciplinary project therefore, will address a major knowledge gap in non-seismic mechanisms of tsunami generation - tsunamis from volcanic eruptions. Defining eruption mechanisms and their relative contributions in tsunami generation is essential to the development of robust numerical tsunami models. The first challenge, therefore is to identify the most likely tsunami mechanisms. Although, there is uncertainty over these mechanisms, the most likely are caldera collapse and the entry into the sea of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs). To identify the mechanisms that underpin the tsunami models there are number of additional challenges. The volcanic PDC deposits and the caldera collapse will be mapped out during a marine survey around Krakatau Island. There will be new numerical modelling of how pyroclastic density currents enter the sea and new numerical models of tsunami generation from pyroclastic density flows and caldera collapse. The numerical tsunami models will be validated by field work to research sediments deposited as the tsunami flooded the coast.

历史上火山爆发引发的海啸造成的最大生命损失发生在1883年，当时印度尼西亚的喀拉喀托火山爆发。在这场大规模的火山口形成事件中，产生了多次火山引发的海啸，袭击了爪哇和苏门答腊的邻近海岸，造成约33，000人死亡。建议的海啸生成机制包括火山碎屑密度流产生的崩溃喷发柱，爆炸，破火山口倒塌和横向爆炸。然而，尽管发表了许多关于这些机制对海啸的相对贡献的论文，但它们仍然没有得到明确的识别或定义，130多年来一直是猜测和争议的来源。在这项多学科研究中，对喀拉喀托的研究将提高我们对火山爆发所产生的海啸的理解，特别是那些来自大体积，破火山口形成事件的海啸，因为它们靠近海洋，有可能产生毁灭性的海啸。作为一个大规模的破火山口形成事件，Krakatau是其他类似例子的代表，如3500 BP的Santorini（爱琴海南部）和7500 BP的Kikai（日本）。像这些古老的史前事件一样，喀拉喀托火山爆发包括多种海啸产生机制，包括火山碎屑密度流（PDC）排入大海，火山口坍塌和爆炸。喀拉喀托火山的一个关键方面是，它被选为最好的研究事件，这是Verbeek在火山爆发后立即进行的事后调查，该调查描述了火山爆发以及火山爆发和海啸的影响。这些描述提供了新的数值海啸建模，这是没有从任何其他类似的事件验证。这项研究的更广泛背景是，对地震、山体滑坡和火山崩塌等其他机制产生海啸的新认识，主要来自最近的破坏性事件，如1998年的巴布亚新几内亚、2004年的印度洋和2011年的日本。这些事件已造成30多万人死亡和300亿美元的损失。由于缺乏最近的重大事件，火山爆发引起的海啸仍然在很大程度上没有研究。因此，这一多学科项目将解决海啸产生的非地震机制-火山爆发引起的海啸-方面的一个重大知识空白。定义喷发机制及其在海啸生成中的相对贡献对于建立可靠的海啸数值模型至关重要。因此，第一个挑战是确定最有可能的海啸机制。虽然这些机制还不确定，但最有可能的是火山口坍塌和火山碎屑密度流（PDC）进入海洋。为了确定海啸模型的基础机制，还有一些其他的挑战。火山PDC沉积物和破火山口坍塌将在喀拉喀托岛周围的海洋调查中绘制出来。将有关于火山碎屑密度流如何进入海洋的新的数值模型，以及火山碎屑密度流和破火山口坍塌产生海啸的新的数值模型。海啸数值模型将通过实地工作进行验证，以研究海啸淹没海岸时沉积的沉积物。

项目成果

The importance of geologists and geology in tsunami science and tsunami hazard

• DOI: 10.1144/sp456.11
• 发表时间: 2017-06
• 期刊: Special Publications
• 作者: D. Tappin

Modeling of the Dec. 22nd 2018 Anak Krakatau volcano lateral collapse and tsunami based on recent field surveys: Comparison with observed tsunami impact

• DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2021.106566
• 发表时间: 2021-10
• 期刊: Marine Geology
• 影响因子: 2.9
• 作者: S. Grilli;Cheng Zhang;J. Kirby;A. Grilli;D. Tappin;S. Watt;J. Hunt;A. Novellino;S. Engwell;Muhammad Edo Marshal Nurshal;M. Abdurrachman;M. Cassidy;A. Madden-nadeau;S. Day

Downward-propagating eruption following vent unloading implies no direct magmatic trigger for the 2018 lateral collapse of Anak Krakatau

• DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2021.117332
• 发表时间: 2021-12
• 期刊: Earth and Planetary Science Letters
• 影响因子: 5.3
• 作者: K. Cutler;S. Watt;M. Cassidy;A. Madden-nadeau;S. Engwell;M. Abdurrachman;Muhammad Edo Marshal Nurshal;D. Tappin;S. Carey;A. Novellino;C. Hayer;J. Hunt;S. Day;S. Grilli;I. A. Kurniawan;N. Kartadinata

Mapping Recent Shoreline Changes Spanning the Lateral Collapse of Anak Krakatau Volcano, Indonesia

• DOI: 10.3390/app10020536
• 发表时间: 2020-01-01
• 期刊: APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
• 影响因子: 2.7
• 作者: Novellino, Alessandro;Engwell, Samantha L.;Hunt, James
• 通讯作者: Hunt, James

IMEX_SfloW2D v2: a depth-averaged numerical flow model for volcanic gas-particle flows over complex topographies and water

IMEX_SfloW2D v2：复杂地形和水中火山气体颗粒流的深度平均数值流模型

• DOI: 10.5194/gmd-16-6309-2023
• 发表时间: 2023
• 期刊: Geoscientific Model Development
• 影响因子: 5.1
• 作者: De' Michieli Vitturi M