Establishing Transport for London's first evidence-based approach to strategic green infrastructure for improved roadside air quality & public health

伦敦交通局（TfL）的这项创新安置计划的总体目标是建立其第一个基于证据的方法，使用战略性绿色基础设施（GI）来改善路边空气质量（RAQ）。伦敦交通局及其主席，伦敦市长，致力于他们的健康街道方法，将人及其健康置于设计决策的中心。GI（即树木、树篱和绿墙）和“清洁空气”已经是其中不可或缺的一部分，后者是其关键指标之一。然而，伦敦交通局目前缺乏一种以证据为基础的方法，即利用特定地点的地理标志干预措施来减少公众对道路交通排放的暴露，这有力地补充了伦敦交通局现有的减少暴露（例如，仔细定位公交车站）和从源头减少排放（例如，公共汽车电气化）的努力。地理标志对空气质量的影响，无论是正面还是负面，主要取决于具体地点的条件，包括：街道几何形状、“街道峡谷”底部现有的空气质量、空中的平均空气质量，以及地理标志的类型、大小和位置。该项目将为“GI4RAQ”干预措施建立一个强有力的方法，以提供可靠的RAQ改进，最初基于定性排名。利用伦敦交通局广泛的地理信息系统（GIS），该方法还将为定量GI4RAQ平台（通过NERC创新探路者开始；NE/S00582X/1）在众多站点的应用做准备。安置将在组织内部进行，确保与现有决策实践的兼容性，通过研究人员与以下人员的密切合作：-伦敦交通局空气质量和气候变化首席政策分析师Yvonne Brown -伦敦交通局树木栽培和景观经理兼伦敦树木官员协会主席John Parker -健康街道方法的开发者Lucy Saunders &伦敦交通局/ GLA交通和公共卫生一体化负责人。大伦敦管理局（GLA）负责管理整个首都的交通、警务、经济发展和应急规划。它创建了伦敦交通局来提供交通服务。LoS得到了两方面的大力支持：- Lilli Matson，伦敦交通局交通战略总监和- Peter Massini， GLA绿色基础设施负责人。该职位将进一步发展研究员与伦敦交通局和GLA（以及伯明翰大学）的关系，他通过探路者发起了“共同i /研究员”。与GLA的联系提供了影响政策的独特机会：伦敦每个自治市议会的地方规划必须符合GLA的伦敦规划；英国各地的地方当局在制定当地计划时都将其视为旅游方向。彼得·马西尼（Peter Massini）在他的LoS中概述了安置的产出将如何为下一个伦敦计划（将于稍后公布）做出贡献，特别是拟议的“空气质量积极”政策。大华银行和伯明翰市议会之间建立的关系（在探路者中受到重视，并支持即将到来的NERC RISE计划，重点关注西米德兰兹AQ）将确保伦敦的GI4RAQ方法直接转移到伯明翰。大华银行在城市空气质量研究方面有着悠久而成熟的记录，包括即将委托的城市空气天文台，由NERC资本拨款资助，以及目前在印度和中国的国际NERC资助的研究项目（NE/P016499/1和NE/N007077/1）。在进行空气质素研究的过程中，大华银行一直寻求将结果转化为以解决方案为重点，为实践者和决策者提供决策支持，例如最近的“城市空气质素的第一步”指南（http://epapers.bham.ac.uk/3069/）和屡获殊荣的AIRUSE LIFE+计划输出（http://airuse.eu/）。该提案建立在进一步的NERC资金（CLAIRE-UK， NE/I012567/1和cityflock， NE/N003195/1）和ERC资金（FASTER, ERC-2012- adg32082）的基础上。

The overarching aim of this Innovation Placement at Transport for London (TfL) is to establish its first evidence-based approach to the use of strategic green infrastructure (GI) to improve roadside air quality (RAQ). TfL and its Chair, the Mayor of London, are committed to their Healthy Streets Approach, putting people and their health at the centre of design decisions. GI (i.e., trees, hedges and green walls) and 'clean air' are already integral to this, the latter one of its key indicators. However, TfL currently lacks an evidence-based method of using one in pursuit of the other: i.e., site-specific GI interventions to reduce the public's exposure to road transport emissions - strongly complementing TfL's existing efforts to reduce exposure (e.g. careful positioning of bus stops) and reduce emissions at source (e.g. electrification of buses). The impacts of GI on RAQ, be they positive or negative, depend critically on site-specific conditions, including: street geometry, existing RAQ at the base of the 'street canyon' and average air quality (AQ) aloft - as well as type, size and positioning of GI.The Placement will establish a robust approach to 'GI4RAQ' interventions to deliver reliable improvements in RAQ, initially based on qualitative ranking. Exploiting TfL's extensive Geographic Information System (GIS), the approach will also prepare for the application of a quantitative GI4RAQ platform (begun via a NERC Innovation Pathfinder; NE/S00582X/1) to numerous sites. The Placement will do so from within the organisation, ensuring compatibility with existing decision-making practices, through close collaboration between the Researcher and:- Yvonne Brown, Principal Policy Analyst for Air Quality and Climate Change at TfL- John Parker, Arboriculture and Landscape Manager at TfL & Chair of the London Tree Officers Association- Lucy Saunders, Developer of the Healthy Streets Approach & Lead for Integration of Transport and Public Health in London at TfL / GLA.The Greater London Authority (GLA) governs transport, policing, economic development and emergency planning across the capital. It created TfL to deliver its transport services. The LoS evidence strong support from both:- Lilli Matson, Director of Transport Strategy at TfL, and- Peter Massini, Lead for Green Infrastructure at the GLAThe Placement will further develop the Researcher's relationships with TfL and the GLA (and those of the University of Birmingham; UoB) he initiated through the Pathfinder, as 'Co-I/Researcher'. Links to the GLA offer a unique opportunity to influence policy: the Local Plan of each London borough council must conform with the GLA's London Plan; and local authorities across the UK look to it for the direction of travel as they develop their Local Plans. Peter Massini outlines in his LoS how the Placement's outputs will contribute to the next London Plan (due to be published 6 later), particularly a proposed 'Air Quality Positive' policy. An established relationship between the UoB and Birmingham City Council (valued in the Pathfinder and underpinning an upcoming NERC RISE programme focussed on West Midlands AQ) will ensure the approach to GI4RAQ in London is directly transferrable to Birmingham.The UoB has a long and mature track record in urban AQ research, including the soon-to-be commissioned Urban Air Observatory, funded through a NERC capital grant, and current international NERC-funded research programmes in India and China (NE/P016499/1 & NE/N007077/1). Throughout its AQ research, the UoB has sought to translate results into solutions-focused, decision-support for practitioners and policy-makers, such as its recent 'First Steps in Urban Air Quality' guide (http://epapers.bham.ac.uk/3069/) and the award-winning AIRUSE LIFE+ programme output (http://airuse.eu/). This proposal builds on further NERC funding (CLAIRE-UK, NE/I012567/1 & CityFlocks, NE/N003195/1) and ERC funding (FASTER; ERC-2012-AdG32082).