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The Evolution of Sex Differences in Mammalian Social Life Histories

哺乳动物社会生活史中性别差异的演变

基本信息

批准号：
NE/S010327/1
负责人：
Darren Croft
金额：
$ 82.79万
依托单位：
UNIVERSITY OF EXETER
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2019
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2019 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FS010327%2F1
关键词：
Evolution Sex Differences Mammalian Social

项目摘要

Understanding why social behaviour and life histories have diverged between the sexes in long-lived social mammals, sometimes to an extreme degree, is a key objective in the biological, medical and social sciences. We propose that differences between the sexes in how males and females interact with related individuals across the lifespan are a major force driving the evolution of sex differences in both social behaviour and life history. In social species related individuals (kin) often live together in close knit family groups and individuals can influence the survival and reproductive success of their relatives both by their behaviour (cooperative and competitive) and reproductive decisions (if an individual reproduces it will use resources that may negatively impact on the survival and reproductive success of kin). Such interactions between kin are a strong evolutionary force, with individuals gaining indirect benefits (through the genes they share with relatives) by increasing the survival and reproductive success of their kin. For example, kin selection can favour individual strategies that increase the reproductive success of kin, even if this comes at a cost to an individual's survival and reproductive success. The opportunity for evolution to be shaped by kin selection is dependent on how and when related individuals interact. Our pilot work suggests that in many species males and females experience very different patterns of local relatedness across their lifespans (kinship dynamics) due to patterns of dispersal and mating. For example, for some species such as killer whales, females become more related to their local group with age whereas males, in contrast, become less related. We hypothesise that sex differences in kinship dynamics will be a major force driving the evolution of sex differences in both (i) social behaviour and (ii) life history. We will determine the role of kinship dynamics in driving the evolution of sex differences in social behaviour and life history evolution using a combination of theoretical modelling and empirical data analysis. We will develop a general theory of kinship dynamics and develop new models to predict both the patterns of kinship dynamics and their consequences for the evolution of social life histories in both males and females. Our model will make predictions for patterns of helping and harming in social groups including both behavioural traits (cooperation and conflict) and reproductive traits (e.g. age at first or last reproduction). We will provide the first test of the behavioural predictions of our new theory by collecting new data on patterns of helping (e.g. babysitting and food sharing) and harming (aggression) in resident killer whales using unmanned aerial vehicles (drones). Resident killer whales are ideally suited to testing the behavioural predictions of the model - they have extreme sex differences in kinship dynamics and have unexplained sex differences in life history. We will test the life history predictions of the theoretical framework by comparing patterns of kinship dynamics and sex differences in life history evolution (e.g. patterns of growth, age at first reproduction, age at last reproduction, reproductive investment and longevity) across social mammals which will allow us to determine the role of kinship dynamics in driving life history evolution and the divergence of life histories between the sexes.

了解为什么长寿的社会哺乳动物的社会行为和生活史在性别之间存在差异，有时甚至达到极端程度，这是生物、医学和社会科学的一个关键目标。我们认为，男性和女性在一生中如何与相关个人互动的性别差异是推动社会行为和生活史中性别差异演变的主要力量。在社会物种中，与亲缘关系密切的个体通常生活在紧密的家庭群体中，个体可以通过他们的行为(合作和竞争)和生殖决定(如果一个个体繁殖，它将使用可能对亲缘关系的生存和繁殖成功产生负面影响的资源)来影响其亲属的生存和生殖成功。亲属之间的这种相互作用是一股强大的进化力量，个体通过增加亲属的存活率和生殖成功而获得间接利益(通过他们与亲属共享的基因)。例如，亲缘选择可以有利于提高亲缘关系繁殖成功的个体策略，即使这是以个体的生存和繁殖成功为代价的。由亲缘关系选择塑造进化的机会取决于相关个体如何以及何时相互作用。我们的试点工作表明，在许多物种中，由于扩散和交配的模式，男性和女性在他们的一生中经历了非常不同的地方关系模式(亲属关系动态)。例如，对于某些物种，如虎鲸，随着年龄的增长，雌性与当地群体的亲缘关系变得更密切，而雄性则变得不那么亲缘。我们假设，亲属关系动态中的性别差异将是推动性别差异在(I)社会行为和(Ii)生活史中进化的主要力量。我们将采用理论建模和经验数据分析相结合的方法，确定亲属关系动力学在推动社会行为和生活史进化中的性别差异进化中的作用。我们将发展亲属关系动力学的一般理论，并开发新的模型来预测亲属关系动力学的模式及其对男性和女性社会生活史演变的影响。我们的模型将对社会群体中的帮助和伤害模式进行预测，包括行为特征(合作和冲突)和生殖特征(例如，第一次或最后一次生育的年龄)。我们将通过收集有关使用无人驾驶飞行器(无人机)帮助(例如照看婴儿和分享食物)和伤害(攻击性)常驻虎鲸的模式的新数据，首次测试我们新理论的行为预测。居住的虎鲸非常适合测试模型的行为预测--它们在血缘关系动态上存在极端的性别差异，在生活史上也存在无法解释的性别差异。我们将通过比较社会性哺乳动物的血缘关系动力学模式和生活史进化中的性别差异(例如，生长模式、首次繁殖年龄、最终繁殖年龄、生殖投资和寿命)来检验理论框架的生活史预测，这将使我们能够确定亲属关系动力学在推动生活史进化中的作用以及性别之间的生活史差异。