What are the impacts of agricultural soil and crop management on greenhouse gas fluxes? - Informing post Brexit agricultural subsidy policy

英国退出欧盟的决定提供了一个机会，可以改变对农民和其他土地管理者的财政援助，从而激励改善环境和协助减缓和适应气候的做法。不同的土壤和作物管理做法影响温室气体（GHG）的通量，这意味着农业生产可能是一个重要的排放源。因此，通过促进减少温室气体排放的已知做法，利用农业部门的缓解潜力，对于实现该国在《巴黎协定》中承诺的减排目标和目标极为重要。在这里，我们提出了一个与温带地区耕地的土壤和作物管理对温室气体通量的影响相关的证据系统图，包括矿物和有机土壤。经过初步的搜索和对相关证据基础的认识，我们意识到与该主题相关的研究有足够的数量来保证系统的制图（即证据基础很大，但在最近系统地图所处理的范围内）。该地图将使用环境科学中已建立的最先进的系统制图方法制作，我们将遵循环境证据合作组织（CEE）的指导和标准。在绘制过程中，我们将搜索、整理和编录与温带系统（即与英国相关）农业对温室气体排放的影响有关的研究，确定减缓气候变化和助长气候变化的农业实践的证据。这将为改革后的农业补贴的设计提供参考，使公共资金能够用于最有利于减缓气候变化的活动。绘图工作将借助尖端的机器学习、自然语言处理和文本挖掘工具，这为在进行环境系统地图期间首次应用这些工具提供了机会，以测试它们在政策相关审查中的使用情况，并培养技能和能力。这些技术工具将用于支持但不会取代人类驱动的系统制图，以提高效率、降低风险和最大化遗产，而不会影响CEE标准所要求的严密性（这些标准目前不满足机器驱动的合成）。此外，还将创建一个交互式可视化平台，使用户能够与地图进行交互，并选择特定区域进行更详细的检查。此外，机器学习的发展将使相关新发表的研究能够自动识别，从而创建一个持续的“活”证据地图。一个由证据综合方法、农业政策和创新技术应用方面的专家组成的经验丰富的审查小组将进行测绘。将设立一个技术咨询小组，以专题和方法方面的专门知识支持审查小组。将邀请英国和地方自治政府的一名代表加入该小组，以确保该地图的政策相关性，并在其制作过程中进行双边知识交流。在项目期间，一个更大的利益相关者团体也将参与进来，以最大限度地发挥影响。最后，所有资源都将开放获取，活证据地图将使决策者能够获得最新的信息，为政策和补贴提供信息，从而确保项目完成后工作的遗产。

The UK's decision to leave the European Union presents an opportunity to transform the financial assistance given to farmers and other land managers, so that practices that enhance the environment and assist in the mitigation and adaption to climate can be incentivised. Different soil and crop management practices affect the flux of greenhouse gases (GHG), meaning that agricultural production can be a significant source of emissions. As a result, leveraging the mitigation potential in the agricultural sector by promoting practices known to contribute less to GHG emissions is extremely important in meeting the country's emission reduction targets and goals committed to in the Paris Agreement. Here we propose a systematic map of the evidence relating to the impact of soil and crop management of arable land in temperate regions on GHG flux, including both mineral and organic soils. Following preliminary searches and an awareness of related evidence bases we are aware that there is a suitable volume of research related to the topic to warrant systematic mapping (i.e. the evidence base is large but within the limits of that dealt with in recent systematic maps). This map will be produced using established, yet state-of-the-art methods for systematic mapping in environmental sciences and we will follow the Collaboration for Environmental Evidence (CEE) guidance and standards. During our mapping, we will search for, collate and catalogue research studies relating to the impacts of farming in temperate systems (i.e. relevant to the UK) on GHG emissions, identifying evidence for agricultural practices that mitigate against climate change and those that contribute to it. This will inform the design of reformed agricultural subsidies, enabling pubic money to be spent on activities that are the most beneficial in mitigating against climate change. The mapping will be aided by using cutting-edge machine learning, natural language processing and text-mining tools which provides an opportunity to apply these tools for the first time during the conduct of an environmental systematic map, to test their use in policy relevant reviews and to develop skills and capabilities. These technological tools will be used to support but not replace human-driven systematic mapping to increase efficiency, reduce risk and maximise legacy without affecting the rigour demanded by CEE standards (which do not currently cater for machine-driven synthesis). Additionally, an interactive visualisations platform will be produced enable users to interact with the map and select specific areas to examine in more detail. Furthermore, the development of machine learning will enable the automatic recognition of relevant newly published research so that an ongoing 'living' evidence map is created. A highly experienced review team with experts in evidence synthesis methods, agricultural policy and the application of innovative technologies will conduct the mapping. A technical advisory group will be established to support the review team with subject and methodological expertise. A representative from the UK and Devolved Administrations will be invited to join this group in order to ensure the policy relevance of the map and so that bilateral knowledge exchange can occur during its production. A larger stakeholder group will also be engaged during the project to maximise impact. Finally, all resources will be made Open Access, and the living evidence map will enable decision-makers to have access to the most up to date information to inform policies and subsidies, thus ensuring the legacy of the work after the project is completed.