Drought and peatland fires in Indonesian Borneo: Understanding drivers and impacts to build resilience through sustainable development

印度尼西亚婆罗洲的干旱和泥炭地火灾：了解驱动因素和影响，通过可持续发展增强抵御能力

• 批准号: NE/T010401/1
• 负责人: Franciscus Van Veen
• 金额: $ 485.5万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF EXETER
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2020 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FT010401%2F1
• 关键词: Drought; peatland; fires; Indonesian; Borneo

Indonesia's Central Kalimantan province on the island of Borneo is home to extensive peatlands. In dry years such as 2015, peat fires burn for months with huge impacts: Exposure to smoke during this period is expected to cause 100,000 premature deaths, caused major economic disruption with a cost of $16.1Bn to the Indonesian economy and, for three months, emitted more carbon than the entire EU. Indonesia's peatland fires were described as 2015's 'worst environmental disaster' (Guardian, 2015) with Central Kalimantan at the epicentre. The majority of fires in this region are starteddeliberately, primarily to clear forest for small or large-scale agriculture (satellite data indicates that there were close to 40,000 fire hot spots in C. Kalimantan peatlands in 2015), but their frequency, duration and severity are strongly climate linked and facilitated by El Niño droughts, which may become more frequent under global warming. In their intact natural waterlogged, forested state these peatlands rarely burn, therefore fires are concentrated in the (extensive) areas that have dried to some degree due to deforestation and drainage for agriculture and timber extraction. Here, smouldering fires burn down into the underlying peat, can burn for months and are the primary cause of near annual air pollution events affecting SE Asia, which were particularly severe during 2015. Thus the drivers behind the peatland fires are a combination of climatic processes, a legacy of historic land use impacts that ensure a high fuel load, and human activities that provide ignition sources. The resulting huge impacts are, therefore, to a large extent preventable but effective action requires a more detailed understanding of future climate-associated risk, biophysical and socio-economic conditions and human behaviours.We propose an integrated, multidisciplinary project with three core aims:1) To better understand the drivers behind the multiple drought- and fire-associated hazards and their spatial distribution in the peatlands of Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesian Borneo2) To characterise the multiple, cumulative impacts of drought and the biophysical and human behavioural chains leading to them, and identify the population groups/communities most vulnerable to these hazards.3) Combining information from 1 and 2, identify priority actions and policies for work to reduce the risk of fire and identify the socio-cultural, agro-ecological, physical and economic hurdles to achieving positive outcomes from their implementation within the context of sustainable development that leads to better environmental and socio-economic circumstances for all.The ultimate aim of this project is to build long term resilience to the multiple hazards associated with drought and fire in Central Kalimantan's peatlands by developing the knowledge, tools and capacity to reduce the current co-drivers (e.g. human land uses) and also to plan ahead for when circumstances (climate, land use) change in the future. Fully understanding the human costs can guide the appropriate action to take to minimise the impacts when a disaster does occur. Our proposed research on building resilience emphasises the need to do this in the context of sustainable development and building positive economic opportunities that will incentivise stakeholders. To ensure the research achieves the maximum impact, the consortium partners include Indonesian government agencies and departments, an NGO with extensive experience of engaging rural communities in the region and equal partnerships between UK and Indonesian universities to develop local research capacity through collaboration and training.

位于婆罗洲岛的印尼加里曼丹省中部有大片泥炭地。在干旱年份，如2015年，泥炭大火燃烧数月，造成巨大影响：在此期间暴露于烟雾预计将导致10万人过早死亡，造成重大经济中断，给印尼经济造成161亿美元的损失，三个月的碳排放量超过整个欧盟。印度尼西亚泥炭地火灾被描述为2015年“最严重的环境灾难”（卫报，2015），加里曼丹中部是震中。该地区的大多数火灾都是故意引发的，主要是为了清除小型或大规模农业的森林（卫星数据显示，2015年加里曼丹岛泥炭地有近4万个火灾热点），但火灾的频率、持续时间和严重程度与气候密切相关，并受到Niño厄尔尼诺干旱的推动，在全球变暖的情况下，这种干旱可能会变得更加频繁。在完整的自然浸水和森林状态下，这些泥炭地很少燃烧，因此火灾集中在（广泛的）地区，这些地区由于森林砍伐和农业和木材开采而排水，在某种程度上已经干燥。在这里，闷烧的大火燃烧到下面的泥炭，可以燃烧数月，是影响东南亚的几乎每年一次的空气污染事件的主要原因，2015年尤为严重。因此，泥炭地火灾背后的驱动因素是气候过程、确保高燃料负荷的历史土地利用影响的遗留问题以及提供火源的人类活动的综合作用。因此，由此产生的巨大影响在很大程度上是可以预防的，但有效的行动需要更详细地了解未来与气候相关的风险、生物物理和社会经济条件以及人类行为。我们提出了一个综合的多学科项目，其核心目标有三个：1)更好地了解印度尼西亚婆罗洲加里曼丹省中部泥炭地多种干旱和火灾相关灾害背后的驱动因素及其空间分布；2)描述干旱的多重累积影响以及导致这些影响的生物物理和人类行为链，并确定最容易受到这些灾害影响的人口群体/社区。3)结合1和2的信息，确定减少火灾风险的优先行动和政策，并确定在可持续发展背景下实现积极成果的社会文化、农业生态、物理和经济障碍，从而为所有人带来更好的环境和社会经济环境。该项目的最终目标是通过发展知识、工具和能力来减少当前的共同驱动因素（如人类土地利用），并提前规划未来环境（气候、土地利用）的变化，在加里曼丹中部的泥炭地建立长期抵御与干旱和火灾相关的多重灾害的能力。充分了解人力成本可以指导采取适当的行动，以尽量减少灾难发生时的影响。我们提出的关于建立韧性的研究强调，需要在可持续发展和建立积极的经济机会的背景下这样做，这将激励利益相关者。为了确保研究产生最大的影响，该联盟的合作伙伴包括印度尼西亚政府机构和部门、一个在参与该地区农村社区方面具有丰富经验的非政府组织，以及英国和印度尼西亚大学之间的平等伙伴关系，通过合作和培训发展当地的研究能力。

项目成果

Tree species that ‘live slow, die older’ enhance tropical peat swamp restoration: Evidence from a systematic review

“活得慢、死得老”的树种可增强热带泥炭沼泽的恢复：来自系统评价的证据

• DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14232
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Journal of Applied Ecology
• 影响因子: 5.7
• 作者: Smith SW;Rahman NEB and Shiodera S et. al.
• 通讯作者: Rahman NEB and Shiodera S et. al.

From 'Muddy glee' to muddy reflections on fieldwork and writing

从“泥泞的欢乐”到对田野调查和写作的泥泞反思

• DOI: 10.1111/area.12833
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Area
• 影响因子: 2.2
• 作者: Thornton S

Future fire risk under climate change and deforestation scenarios in tropical Borneo

• DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/acb225
• 发表时间: 2023-01
• 期刊: Environmental Research Letters
• 影响因子: 6.7
• 作者: T. Davies-Barnard;J. Catto;A. Harper;M. Imron;F. V. van Veen

Tropical Peatland Hydrology Simulated With a Global Land Surface Model.

热带泥炭地水文学模拟了全球陆地表面模型。

• DOI: 10.1029/2021ms002784
• 发表时间: 2022-03
• 期刊: JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS
• 影响因子: 6.8
• 作者: Apers, S.;De Lannoy, G. J. M.;Baird, A. J.;Cobb, A. R.;Dargie, G. C.;Pasquel, J.;Gruber, A.;Hastie, A.;Hidayat, H.;Hirano, T.;Hoyt, A. M.;Jovani-Sancho, A. J.;Katimon, A.;Kurnain, A.;Koster, R. D.;Lampela, M.;Mahanama, S. P. P.;Melling, L.;Page, S. E.;Reichle, R. H.;Taufik, M.;Vanderborght, J.;Bechtold, M.
• 通讯作者: Bechtold, M.

Tropical peatlands and their conservation are important in the context of COVID-19 and potential future (zoonotic) disease pandemics.

• DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10283
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: PeerJ
• 影响因子: 2.7
• 作者: Harrison ME;Wijedasa LS;Cole LES;Cheyne SM;Choiruzzad SAB;Chua L;Dargie GC;Ewango CEN;Honorio Coronado EN;Ifo SA;Imron MA;Kopansky D;Lestarisa T;O'Reilly PJ;Van Offelen J;Refisch J;Roucoux K;Sugardjito J;Thornton SA;Upton C;Page S
• 通讯作者: Page S