Carbon Emissions under Arctic Snow (CEAS)

北极雪下的碳排放（CEAS）

• 批准号: NE/W003686/1
• 负责人: Nick Rutter
• 金额: $ 10.65万
• 依托单位: Northumbria University
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2021 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FW003686%2F1
• 关键词: Carbon; Emissions; under; Arctic; Snow

Until recently, awareness of the importance of winter carbon dioxide emissions from arctic soils was highly limited, resulting from incorrect assumptions that emissions from frozen soils beneath snow were insignificant compared to other sources. Consequently, carbon dioxide emissions during arctic winter months are frequently omitted from global carbon cycling budgets and our capacity to measure atmosphere-snow-soil processes controlling carbon dioxide emission and simulate them in climate models are under-developed. This limits our ability to make future climate projections, especially in arctic tundra and forested regions, which characterise about 27% of the Earth's land surface and are warming more than twice as fast as the global average since the late twentieth century.Carbon dioxide, a gas which causes the Earth's atmosphere to trap heat causing the planet to warm, is emitted by microbes decomposing organic material in soil. Decomposition can occur when the soil is frozen, but rates of carbon dioxide emission decrease as soil temperatures decrease, down to -20 degrees Celsius when carbon dioxide emissions become negligible. Winter snow cover has an important impact on arctic soil temperatures, acting like a duvet covering a bed. A thick duvet with lots of air trapped between the feathers provides insulation. Air trapped between the snow crystals within a snowpack acts in a similar manner, limiting the loss of heat from soils warmed in the summer to the cold atmosphere during long arctic winters. As the ground is often snow covered for at least half of the year in Arctic regions, it is vital that we understand processes that control the impact of snow cover on soil temperatures and carbon dioxide emissions, and accurately represent these processes in climate models. Here we ask, how sensitive are measured carbon dioxide concentrations within arctic snowpacks to the variability of snowpack physical properties (e.g. size of the snow crystals)? Can more realistic simulations of snowpack density and thermal conductivity in climate models reduce the underprediction in carbon dioxide emissions from arctic snowpacks? And, how may future changes in winter soil temperatures and snow cover affect future carbon dioxide emissions? In order to answer these questions, we will create a new field measurement database of arctic meteorology, soil and snow properties, and carbon dioxide concentrations. We will use this database to develop more realistic representations of processes controlling winter carbon dioxide emissions in climate models, which will lead to confident model projections of future winter carbon dioxide emissions from the wider Arctic region. By combining field and laboratory measurements with climate modelling, this partnership between Canadian, Finnish and UK scientists will increase our predictive understanding of Arctic environmental change resulting from, and contributing to, our warming planet.

直到最近，北极土壤中冬季二氧化碳排放的重要性的认识受到了极大的限制，这是由于错误的假设是，与其他来源相比，雪下的冷冻土壤排放量微不足道。因此，在全球碳循环预算中经常省略北极冬季二氧化碳的排放，以及我们测量控制二氧化碳发射的大气 - 抢购土壤工艺的能力，并在气候模型中模拟它们的能力不足。这限制了我们进行未来气候预测的能力，尤其是在北极苔原和森林区域，该区域的特征是地球的27％的陆地表面的特征是自20世纪后期以来的全球平均水平的速度两倍以上。碳二氧化物，一种气体，一种气体，一种使地球大气使地球的热量导致地球的热量导致地球变暖，从而使材料变暖，使材料散发着粉料的材料。当土壤冷冻时，可能会发生分解，但是随着土壤温度降低，二氧化碳发射速率降低，当二氧化碳排放量忽略时，二氧化碳的温度降低，降低至-20摄氏度。冬季的雪覆盖对北极土壤温度有重要影响，就像床上的羽绒被一样。一个厚厚的羽绒被羽毛之间被困在羽毛之间的大量空气可提供绝缘。在积雪中捕获的雪晶体之间的空气以类似的方式作用，限制了夏季在北极冬季长期冬季温暖的土壤损失到寒冷的大气层。由于在北极地区至少一年的地面通常被雪覆盖，因此我们必须了解控制雪覆盖对土壤温度和二氧化碳排放的影响的过程至关重要，并在气候模型中准确地代表了这些过程。在这里，我们问，如何对北极积雪中的二氧化碳浓度进行测量，以使积雪物理特性的变异性（例如，雪晶体的大小）？气候模型中的积雪密度和热导率的更现实的模拟可以减少北极积雪二氧化碳排放量的低估吗？而且，未来的冬季土壤温度和积雪如何影响未来的二氧化碳排放？为了回答这些问题，我们将创建一个新的北极气象，土壤和雪特性以及二氧化碳浓度的新现场测量数据库。我们将使用此数据库来开发控制气候模型中控制冬季二氧化碳排放的过程的更现实的表示，这将导致对更广泛的北极地区未来冬季二氧化碳排放的自信模型预测。通过将现场和实验室测量与气候建模相结合，加拿大，芬兰和英国科学家之间的这种伙伴关系将提高我们对北极环境变化的预测理解，并促成我们的变暖星球。

项目成果

Environmental controls of winter soil carbon dioxide fluxes in boreal and tundra environments

• DOI: 10.5194/bg-20-5087-2023
• 发表时间: 2023-12-20
• 期刊: BIOGEOSCIENCES
• 影响因子: 4.9
• 作者: Mavrovic，Alex;Sonnentag，Oliver;Roy，Alexandre
• 通讯作者: Roy，Alexandre

Impact of measured and simulated tundra snowpack properties on heat transfer

测量和模拟的苔原积雪特性对传热的影响

• DOI: 10.5194/tc-16-4201-2022
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: The Cryosphere
• 作者: Dutch V

Impact of variability in measured and simulated tundra snowpack properties on heat transfer metrics

测量和模拟的苔原积雪特性的变化对传热指标的影响

• DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-egu21-1319
• 发表时间: 2021
• 作者: Dutch V

Supplementary material to "Simulating net ecosystem exchange under seasonal snow cover at an Arctic tundra site"

“模拟北极苔原地区季节性积雪下的净生态系统交换”的补充材料

• DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-2023-772-supplement
• 发表时间: 2023
• 作者: Dutch V