The Economics of Biodiversity Additionality (BIOADD)

生物多样性额外性经济学 (BIOADD)

• 批准号: NE/X002292/1
• 负责人: Ben Groom
• 金额: $ 103.42万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF EXETER
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2022 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FX002292%2F1
• 关键词: Economics; Biodiversity; Additionality; BIOADD

The Dasgupta Review on the economics of biodiversity illustrated the complex and embedded ecology-economy relationships and thereby the fundamental economic and societal value of biodiversity. The Review evidenced the unsustainable path of exploitation biodiversity and made plain the need to manage regeneration of natural capital in the global economy to ensure sustainability. For sustainability to be achieved efficiently requires trade-offs to be made, the relative economic values of biodiversity to be understood, and interventions to be evaluated according to "shadow prices". The UK government's aims in this regard are reflected in domestic (The Environment Act of 2021) and international commitments (e.g. the Kunming Declaration of the COP15 of the Convention on Biodiversity). Economies must consider their impact on nature, yet biodiversity policy: e.g. Protected Areas (PAs); NBS for climate change mitigation (e.g. reforestation); and agricultural policies, therefore need to account for interactions in the economy, which can conspire to limit the success or additionality of interventions. Leakage, non-compliance, project failure and impermanence, or policy failures, all limit the success of area-based and other policies, questioning their additionality. Particularly prone are NBS to climate change, which can provide cost-effective solutions to net-zero commitments (UK Climate Act), and large gains in biodiversity. To understand the effectiveness of biodiversity policies requires an understanding of the economics of biodiversity additionality. BIOADD will develop the economics of biodiversity additionality from key perspectives.First, to guide the trade-offs required for sustainability and value biodiversity additionality, BIOADD estimates a Shadow Price of Biodiversity (SPB). Rather than reflecting Willingness to Pay for biodiversity (unreliable and controversial) SPB reflects the costs of meeting a societally determined target for biodiversity, such as net-gain or 30% protected areas, or staying within planetary boundaries. We will apply this theory to: i) Indonesian and Bolivian forests; ii) Nature Based Solutions (NBS) for mitigating climate change, in each case pricing the risk of non-additionality (e.g. failure, impermanence). The SPB will indicate the trade-offs and priorities for biodiversity and how targets can be met at least cost to society by targeting biodiversity rich and low-cost areas.Second, to understand the baseline against which additionality is measured, BIOADD will analyse the spatial economic factors that determine biodiversity regrowth in secondary forests in the Amazon rainforest, with focus on Bolivia. Third, in Indonesia, the role of "policy layering": multiple overlapping policies, in hindering or improving biodiversity outcomes in tropical forests will be analysed. These two case studies will use bespoke spatial data to identify economic and policy drivers of biodiversity additionality.Finally, together with CarbonPlan, an online tool that will be developed for the carbon offset market to allow different NBS to be valued and compared according to their impacts on biodiversity, the offset carbon emissions, and additionality risks (e.g. failure, impermanence). The research is important for the UK as it: 1) implements domestic commitments to biodiversity net-gain in the Environment Act (2021) without leakage of biodiversity loss to other countries; 2) addresses how to meet commitments towards biodiversity the 30 by 30 target from the COP15; 3) helps to orientate development assistance towards halting deforestation and guide COP26 commitments on zero-deforestation by 2030; 3) assesses NBS as a potential means of meeting net-zero commitments; 4) illustrates where "free" renewable returns (Dasgupta 2020) from natural capital are most valuable and the economic processes determine them.

关于生物多样性经济学的《达斯古普塔评论》说明了复杂和内在的生态-经济关系，从而说明了生物多样性的基本经济和社会价值。审查证明了开发生物多样性的不可持续的道路，并明确指出需要管理全球经济中自然资本的再生，以确保可持续性。为了有效地实现可持续性，需要作出权衡，了解生物多样性的相对经济价值，并根据“影子价格”评估干预措施。英国政府在这方面的目标反映在国内（2021年环境法）和国际承诺（例如《生物多样性公约》第十五次缔约方大会昆明宣言）中。各经济体必须考虑其对自然的影响，但生物多样性政策：例如保护区;减缓气候变化的国家统计局（例如重新造林）;以及农业政策，因此需要考虑经济中的相互作用，这些相互作用可能会限制干预措施的成功或额外性。渗漏、不遵约、项目失败和不持久或政策失败，都限制了基于地区的政策和其他政策的成功，并对其额外性提出质疑。国家统计局特别容易受到气候变化的影响，它可以为净零承诺（英国气候法案）提供具有成本效益的解决方案，并在生物多样性方面取得巨大成就。要了解生物多样性政策的有效性，就需要了解生物多样性额外性的经济学。BIOADD将从关键角度发展生物多样性额外性的经济学。首先，为了指导可持续性和生物多样性额外性价值所需的权衡，BIOADD估计了生物多样性影子价格。SPB不是反映生物多样性的支付意愿（不可靠且有争议），而是反映满足社会确定的生物多样性目标的成本，例如净收益或30%的保护区，或保持在地球边界内。我们将把这一理论应用于：i）印度尼西亚和玻利维亚的森林; ii）缓解气候变化的基于自然的解决方案（NBS），在每种情况下，为非额外性（例如失败，无常）的风险定价。该战略规划将说明生物多样性的权衡和优先事项，以及如何通过以生物多样性丰富和成本低的地区为目标，以最低的社会成本实现目标，其次，为了了解衡量额外性的基线，生物多样性和干旱发展方案将分析决定亚马逊雨林次生林生物多样性再生长的空间经济因素，重点是玻利维亚。第三，在印度尼西亚，将分析“政策分层”的作用：多重重叠的政策在阻碍或改善热带森林生物多样性成果方面的作用。这两个案例研究将使用定制的空间数据来确定生物多样性额外性的经济和政策驱动因素。最后，将与碳计划一起为碳抵消市场开发一个在线工具，以便根据对生物多样性的影响，抵消的碳排放和额外性风险（例如失败，无常）来评估和比较不同的NBS。这项研究对英国很重要，因为它：1）在《环境法》（2021年）中履行国内对生物多样性净收益的承诺，而不会将生物多样性损失泄漏到其他国家; 2）解决如何履行对生物多样性的承诺，即COP 15的30 by 30目标; 3）帮助将发展援助导向制止森林砍伐，并指导COP 26关于到2030年实现零森林砍伐的承诺; 3）评估NBS作为实现净零承诺的潜在手段; 4）说明自然资本的“免费”可再生回报（Dasgupta 2020）是最有价值的，经济过程决定了它们。

项目成果

Realizing the social value of impermanent carbon credits

实现临时碳信用额的社会价值

• DOI: 10.1038/s41558-023-01815-0
• 发表时间: 2023
• 期刊: Nature Climate Change
• 影响因子: 30.7
• 作者: Balmford A

US benefit-cost analysis requires revision

美国效益成本分析需要修订

• DOI: 10.1126/science.adi5943
• 发表时间: 2023
• 期刊: Science
• 影响因子: 56.9
• 作者: Howard P

The value of impermanent carbon credits

临时碳信用额的价值

• DOI: 10.33774/coe-2023-5v93l
• 发表时间: 2023
• 作者: Balmford A

The Social Value of Offsets

抵消的社会价值

• DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1515075/v1
• 发表时间: 2022
• 作者: Groom B

Trends in tropical forest loss and the social value of emission reductions

热带森林损失趋势和减排的社会价值

• DOI: 10.1038/s41893-023-01175-9
• 发表时间: 2023
• 期刊: Nature Sustainability
• 影响因子: 27.6
• 作者: Knoke T