FARM TREE: Balancing farm and landscape-scale demands for integrating trees on agricultural land

虽然农林业（在牧场或作物农田上整合树木或灌木）在提供生态系统服务和应对多种气候变化挑战方面具有巨大潜力，但在英国并没有得到广泛实践。战略规划和成功实施需要更多关于实现最佳环境效益的知识，同时还需要有关社会经济、文化和政策激励、障碍和增加农林业的挑战的信息。FARM TREE项目将一个强大的多学科社会和环境科学家团队与林地和农业组织的实践者和利益相关者合作，通过探索在不同环境和社会经济条件组合下哪种种植方案最有效，解决了这些需求。因此，我们将在不同策略的背景下评估种植策略（例如，区域或景观优先区域或物种），以及农场层面的种植设计（种植的物种和空间组织）。提供关于哪些种植方案在哪里实际效果最好的知识，并结合如何实现这一目标的工具和途径，将：(1)改善农民的决策，(2)有助于制定更有针对性和更灵活的政策和赠款计划，以及(3)最终降低农田树木扩张的障碍。我们从整体角度考虑效益和内在的权衡，并考虑到植树决策受到从个人到政策层面的各种因素的影响；除了更广泛的环境效益外，还要关注碳封存和用水解决方案。我们将提供一个互动的网络决策支持工具，指导在农田种植树木；并确定公共政策（法规、赠款计划）和基于市场的措施如何相互作用以激励（或阻止）种植。该研究将围绕三个综合工作包（WP）进行阐述。在WP1中，我们将以现有的英国倡议和农林业项目合作伙伴的农民网络为基础，从土地管理者的角度整理社会经济激励措施和障碍。WP1将采用参与式研究方法，确定农场层面的机会和制约因素，利用适合农业系统的设计将树木整合起来。在国家层面，我们将重点关注与为农林业扩张创造机会的战略政策相关的见解。WP2将在国家/景观和农场尺度上研究农林业战略和设计对水和碳循环的时空影响，同时也考虑土壤健康和生物多样性。对于不同的景观和农场环境，它将确定现在和未来情景下提供最佳生态系统服务的种植方案。这将通过综合生态水文和碳模型实现，并以以前的林地景观能力地图为基础，用于生态系统服务和来自示范农场的数据。它还将综合第一阶段和第三阶段的成果，提出一套考虑社会经济制约因素和环境效益的情景。WP3完全整合了WP1和WP2，这涉及到农场可行的植树方案的迭代开发，考虑到英国景观的社会经济和环境方面。与项目合作伙伴和利益相关者共同开发的决策支持工具（面向农民的互动网站、政策简报和面向农民主导的长期创新监测实验室的建议）构成了关键产出。

Although agroforestry (integrating trees or shrubs on pasture or crop farmland) has great potential to provide ecosystem services and address multiple climate change challenges, it is not widely practiced in the UK. Strategic planning and successful implementation require more knowledge on achieving optimal environmental benefits, balanced with information of the associated socio-economic, cultural and policy incentives, barriers, and challenges to increasing agroforestry. Bringing together a strong multidisciplinary team of social and environmental scientists with partners who are practitioners and stakeholders in woodland and agricultural organisations, the FARM TREE project addresses these needs by exploring which planting scenarios might work best under different combinations of environmental and socio-economic conditions. Hereby, we will evaluate planting strategies (e.g., regional or landscape priority areas or species), as well as farm level planting designs (species and spatial organisation of planting) within the context of different strategies. Providing knowledge on which planting scenarios realistically work best where, combined with tools and pathways on how to achieve this will: (1) improve farmer decision making, (2) aid the development of better targeted and more flexible policies and grant schemes, and (3) ultimately lower barriers for tree expansion on farmland.We take a holistic approach to benefits and inherent trade-offs and consider that tree planting decisions are subject to diverse factors, from the personal to the policy level; but also focus in on carbon sequestration and water use solutions, alongside wider environmental benefits. We will provide an interactive web-based decision support tool to guide tree expansion on farmland; and identify how public policies (regulations, grant schemes) and market-based measures interact to incentivise (or deter) planting. The research will be articulated around three integrated work packages (WP). In WP1, we will collate socio-economic incentives and barriers from the land manager perspective, building on existing UK initiatives and farmer networks of project partners in agroforestry. Using participatory research methods, WP1 will identify farm level opportunities and constraints to integrate trees using designs that fit well into farming systems. At the national level, we will focus on insights relating to strategic policies that create opportunities for agroforestry expansion.WP2 will investigate the spatial and temporal effects of agroforestry strategies and designs on water and carbon cycling at the national/landscape and farm scale, while also considering soil health and biodiversity. For diverse landscape and farm settings, it will identify planting scenarios that deliver optimal ecosystem services, now and under future scenarios. This will be achieved via integrated ecohydrological and carbon modelling and build on previous woodland landscape capability mapping for ecosystem services and data from demonstrator farms. Integrating outcomes from WP1 and WP3, it will also deliver a set of scenarios that consider socio-economic constraints alongside the environmental benefits. WP1 and WP2 are fully integrated via WP3, which involves the iterative development of viable tree planting scenarios on farms that consider socio-economic and environmental aspects within UK landscapes. Co- developed with project partners and stakeholders, decision support tools (interactive website for farmers; policy briefings; and recommendations for long term farmer-led innovation monitoring labs) form key outputs.