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The University of Liverpool, Department of Physics Particle Physics Rolling Grant

利物浦大学物理系粒子物理滚动资助

基本信息

批准号：
ST/H001069/2
负责人：
Philip Allport
金额：
$ 1933.99万
依托单位：
University of Liverpool
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2010
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2010 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ST%2FH001069%2F2
关键词：
University Liverpool Department Physics Particle

项目摘要

The theories describing the forces binding fundamental particles to make the world we live in fail to capture the phenomenon of mass, working most naturally only for massless fundamental particles. The problem is solved by new physics at the electroweak unification energy scale, where the weak nuclear force and that of electromagnetism are found to show the same strength, a fact associated with the mass of the force-carrying W and Z particles being the root cause of the apparent weakness of the 'weak' force. The 'new physics' at this characteristic mass/energy scale is often thought to be related to the existence of a Higgs particle with mass just above that of the W and Z. However, even if this is the correct scenario, strong theoretical arguments exist for other phenomena, close in energy scale. All of this provides a major motivation for building the LHC and for one aspect of its physics programme, the search, using high energy collisions, for direct production of new particles. ATLAS, with a major component of its tracking detector assembled at Liverpool, is searching for such 'new physics', but to be sure of a discovery, the predictions of the known physics, the 'Standard Model', have to be understood extremely well in the high energy collisions of the LHC. This is a key first step and one that Liverpool is emphasising with its impressive understanding of strong interaction physics and proton structure. Another way deviations can be found is in subtler effects at lower energies, for example in the decays of particles containing the b-quark, the most massive quark with a measurable lifetime. This is the target of the LHCb experiment, where the detection of short lived particles produced at the LHC relies on the Vertex Locator (VeLo) detector for which all the modules were built at Liverpool. Liverpool physicists are playing major roles in several aspects of this experiment, including studies relating to exploration of rare Standard Model processes. Another area which has proved very fruitful in finding deviations from the Standard Model is in the properties of neutrinos. These can be explored through 'neutrino oscillation' experiments, sensitive to both neutrino masses (thought to be zero until a decade ago) and how different types of neutrinos can inter-convert. The intense beam being produced at the J-PARC laboratory in Japan is the ideal testing ground for ideas that asymmetries between neutrinos and anti-neutrinos may have helped produce the matter anti-matter asymmetry we see in today's Universe (where, as far as we can tell, all the anti-matter has annihilated away). In all these programmes, there is a lively future building on these experiments and we play a key role in plans and research aimed at upgrades to allow better exploitation of these unique facilities. At the LHC, improvements to the accelerator will lead to the rebuilding of large parts of the detectors. In particular, much greater radiation hardness may be needed and we enjoy a world-leading reputation in radiation hard silicon detectors. Other aspects require advanced materials and low mass structures, novel interconnect technologies and microelectronics developments. These are all areas where we bring unique skills, already demonstrated in the detectors provided to current experiments. In addition to work on silicon sensors (both strip and pixels), we are working on novel liquid argon based detectors, and on a combined magnet-calorimeter concept. The longer term future clearly will involve new accelerators and new accelerator components on existing facilities. We are particularly well placed to contribute through our lead role in the Cockcroft Institute whose Director is a Liverpool professor. Liverpool enjoys a long tradition of generic research and development which leads to major developments in new technologies. We work closely with UK industry wherever possible to ensure the widest possible dissemination of novel results

描述基本粒子之间的作用力使我们生活在其中的理论未能捕捉到质量的现象，只有对无质量的基本粒子才最自然地起作用。这个问题被新物理学在电弱统一能量标度下解决了，其中弱核力和电磁力显示出相同的强度，这一事实与承载力的W和Z粒子的质量有关，这是“弱”力明显薄弱的根本原因。在这种特征质量/能量尺度上的“新物理学”通常被认为与希格斯粒子的存在有关，该粒子的质量略高于W和Z。然而，即使这是正确的情况，强有力的理论论据存在于其他现象中，在能量尺度上接近。所有这些都为建造大型强子对撞机提供了一个主要的动力，并为其物理学计划的一个方面提供了动力，即利用高能碰撞直接产生新粒子。ATLAS的跟踪探测器的一个主要部件组装在利物浦，正在寻找这样的“新物理”，但要确定一个发现，已知物理学的预测，“标准模型”，必须在大型强子对撞机的高能碰撞非常好地理解。这是关键的第一步，也是利物浦强调的一步，因为它对强相互作用物理学和质子结构有着令人印象深刻的理解。另一种可以发现偏差的方式是在较低能量下的微妙效应中，例如在包含b夸克的粒子的衰变中，b夸克是具有可测量寿命的质量最大的夸克。这是LHCb实验的目标，在LHC中产生的短寿命粒子的检测依赖于顶点探测器（VeLo），所有模块都在利物浦建造。利物浦的物理学家在这个实验的几个方面发挥了重要作用，包括与探索罕见的标准模型过程有关的研究。另一个在发现偏离标准模型方面卓有成效的领域是中微子的性质。这些可以通过“中微子振荡”实验来探索，对中微子质量（直到十年前被认为是零）以及不同类型的中微子如何相互转换都很敏感。在日本J-PARC实验室产生的强烈光束是中微子和反中微子之间的不对称性可能有助于产生我们在今天的宇宙中看到的物质反物质不对称性的理想试验场（据我们所知，所有的反物质都湮灭了）。在所有这些计划中，都有一个充满活力的未来建立在这些实验的基础上，我们在旨在升级的计划和研究中发挥着关键作用，以便更好地利用这些独特的设施。在LHC，加速器的改进将导致探测器的大部分重建。特别是，可能需要更大的辐射硬度，我们在辐射硬硅探测器方面享有世界领先的声誉。其他方面需要先进的材料和低质量的结构，新的互连技术和微电子技术的发展。这些都是我们带来独特技能的领域，已经在为当前实验提供的探测器中得到了证明。除了硅传感器（带和像素）的工作，我们正在研究新的液体氩为基础的探测器，并结合磁量热计的概念。从长远来看，未来显然将涉及新的加速器和现有设施上的新加速器组件。我们特别有能力通过我们在Cockcroft研究所的领导作用做出贡献，该研究所所长是利物浦教授。利物浦在仿制药研发方面有着悠久的传统，这导致了新技术的重大发展。我们与英国工业界密切合作，以确保尽可能广泛地传播新的成果。