Evolutionary Genetics and Ecology of Trichromatic Vision

描述(申请人提供)：人类表现出相当大的差异 三色色觉，即存在三个调节过的视网膜视锥 到不同的波长。大约8%的高加索男性， 例如，显示色觉异常。这一变化与 东半球猴子、类人猿和 新热带咆哮的猴子属。这些种群的变异是 非常罕见，目前还不清楚为什么三色恋会两次演变。 在灵长类动物中也是如此，但在其他已知的哺乳动物中没有。假设 年轻的，彩色的叶子可能被选择为三原色视觉 灵长类动物最近得到了支持。然而，在哺乳动物中，分子 特化的非灵长类食果动物颜色视觉的证据 食叶动物是不存在的。如果真的在另一种哺乳动物身上发现了三色，它 将驳斥非灵长类哺乳动物不存在三色系的教条， 此外，看似合理地支持了关于它为什么进化的一个相互竞争的假说。 克洛斯长臂猿，在明打威群岛与世隔绝了50万年 印度尼西亚是迄今观察到的最食果的类人猿。因此，它可能会以 我们人类祖先面临的状况，和人类一样，可能会表现出一种 二色性的频率很高。人类色觉的分子证据 克劳斯长臂猿和一系列具有特殊饮食的哺乳动物将 从从各种来源收集的DNA中获得，包括粪便和 博物馆标本。针对中/长波长视蛋白(S)，基于聚合酶链式反应的基因 将实施隔离战略。来自2-或3个可能的外显子 Opsins将被完全测序。对于一些非灵长类物种来说，它会 是发展完整或部分基因组文库所必需的。因此，这项研究 旨在探索问题、影响和进化意义 色觉变异。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Humans show considerable variation in trichromatic color vision, which is the presence of three retinal cones tuned to different wavelengths. Approximately 8 percent of Caucasian males, for example, show color vision abnormalities. This variation stands in contrast to the remarkable uniformity of vision found in Old World monkeys, apes, and the Neotropical genus of howling monkeys. Variations in these populations are extremely rare and, at the moment, it is unclear why trichromacy twice evolved so similarly in primates but in no other known mammal. The hypothesis that young, colored leaves may have selected for trichromatic color vision in primates has recently received support. Among mammals, however, molecular evidence on the color vision of specialized, non-primate frugivores and folivores is nonexistent. If indeed trichromacy is found in another mammal, it will refute the dogma that trichromacy is absent in non-primate mammals and, moreover, plausibly support one of the competing hypotheses for why it evolved. The Kloss gibbon, isolated for 500,000 years on the Mentawai Islands of Indonesia, is the most frugivorous ape ever observed. It may therefore model the conditions faced by our human ancestors and, like humans, may exhibit a high frequency of dichromacy. Molecular evidence on the color vision of the Kloss gibbon and a broad array of mammals with specialized diets will be obtained from DNA collected from a variety of sources, including feces and museum specimens. For the middle/long wavelength opsin(s), PCR-based gene isolation strategies will be implemented. All exons from the 2-or3 possible opsins will be entirely sequenced. For some of the non-primate species, it will be necessary to develop complete or partial genomic libraries. This study thus aims to explore the issues, implications, and evolutionary significance of color vision variation.