Sounds in the sea: how can we listen from ocean gliders?

海洋中的声音测量已经有了很长的历史，但自动驾驶车辆的出现为全深度、高分辨率、全年监测提供了新的机会。随着海洋变得越来越嘈杂，我们需要了解和开发新的智能、高效的系统来检测降雨、风、航运或工业噪音，以及海洋哺乳动物的叫声。在这个项目中，Pierre将探索海洋滑翔机在海洋声学测绘方面的科学潜力，并评估我们可以从此类测量中了解到什么海洋环境。UEA和滑翔机制造商Kongsberg在2014年在地中海的一次活动中在我们的滑翔机上试验了被动式声学监测(PAM)传感器。该试点数据集可用于该项目的分析。同时，SAMS还开发了漂移耳朵、自由漂移的智能传感器来测量水下声音，重点是海洋哺乳动物的检测。CEFA正在为他们的波浪滑翔机开发PAM技术，并在分析系泊设备的PAM传感器数据方面拥有丰富的经验。这一博士学位结合了这些专业知识，在开发这一新能力的前沿提供了一个令人兴奋的项目。根据皮埃尔的兴趣，该项目可能会把重点放在海洋哺乳动物探测、海洋人为噪音、降雨或这些应用的组合上。我们将为UEA的一架海滑器配备新开发的PAM传感器，皮埃尔将在实验室和皮埃尔自己的专用部署中探索其用途，可能是在英国的大陆架上，或者作为第二次国际印度洋实验的一部分在印度洋。Pierre将1)使用UEA最先进的海水水箱来试验PAM传感器，并开发新的智能信号处理技术来评估和消除滑翔机操纵时的声音，如泵和马达；2)部署滑翔机PAM传感器，分析海洋哺乳动物、船只和其他噪声源的信号，以确定产生的声景。可能需要一种新的数据处理方法来解释滑翔机的轮廓路径。Pierre将与SAMS和Cefas的声学专家密切合作，他们在处理声学数据和提取特定应用的相关信号方面经验丰富。例如，SAMS的海洋生物学家使用声音来识别特定种类的海洋哺乳动物的存在，而CEFA则监测与北海打桩和风电场有关的声音的影响。NEXUSS CDT为环境科学提供尖端的智能和自主观测系统的应用和开发方面的最先进、高度经验的培训，以及全面的个人和专业发展。通过与学术、研究和产业/政府/政策合作伙伴的广泛网络互动，学生将有广泛的机会扩展他们的多学科视野。Pierre将在COAS注册和接待，并将在SAMS和CEFA工作大量时间。UEA以其在海洋和大气科学方面的专业知识而闻名全球，也是唯一拥有和运营自己的海洋滑翔机机队的英国大学。SAMS还在北大西洋进行滑翔机调查，并在创新技术开发方面有着悠久的历史。CEFA是负责监测英国水域的机构。将这个项目嵌入到所有这些小组中，将使Pierre有机会向顶尖科学家学习。具体培训将包括：-海洋滑翔机驾驶、操作和数据分析-海洋学和海洋生物学-声学-大型声学数据集的计算和信号处理-海洋和海洋数据收集技能-传感器集成和开发的工程挑战。

Measurement of sound in the sea has a long history but the advent of autonomous vehicles offers a new opportunity for full-depth, high-resolution, year-round monitoring. As the oceans become ever noisier, we need to understand and develop new smart, efficient systems to detect rainfall, wind, shipping or industrial noise, and marine mammal calls. In this project Pierre will explore the scientific potential of ocean gliders for marine acoustic mapping, and assess what we can learn about the marine environment from such measurements.UEA and the glider manufacturer Kongsberg trialled passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) sensors on our gliders during a 2014 campaign in the Mediterranean. This pilot data set is available for analysis for this project. In parallel, SAMS have developed Drifting Ears, freely drifting smart sensors to measure underwater sound with a focus on marine mammal detection. Cefas are developing PAM technology for their Wavegliders and have extensive experience of analysing PAM sensor data from moorings. This PhD combines this expertise to provide an exciting project at the cutting edge of developing this new capability. Depending on Pierre's interests, the project may have an emphasis on applications for marine mammal detection, marine anthropogenic noise, rainfall or a combination of these.We will equip one of the UEA Seagliders with a newly developed PAM sensor and Pierre will explore its use both in the laboratory and in Pierre's own dedicated deployment, which may be in UK shelf seas, or in the Indian Ocean as part of the 2nd International Indian Ocean Experiment. Pierre will 1) use UEAs state-of-the-art seawater tank to trial the PAM sensor and develop new smart signal processing techniques to assess and remove the sounds of the glider manoeuvres, such as pumps and motors and 2) undertake a glider PAM sensor deployment and analyse the signals of marine mammals, ships and other sources of noise to determine the resulting soundscape.A novel data processing method to account for the glider's profiling path may be necessary. Experimentation and development of a 'loitering' capability will be undertaken with the glider manufacturers.Pierre will work closely with SAMS and Cefas acoustics experts, who are experienced in processing acoustic data and extracting relevant signals for particular applications. For example, marine biologists at SAMS use sound to identify the presence of particular species of marine mammals, and Cefas monitor the impacts of sound associated with pile driving and windfarms in the North Sea. The NEXUSS CDT provides state-of-the-art, highly experiential training in the application and development of cutting-edge Smart and Autonomous Observing Systems for the environmental sciences, alongside comprehensive personal and professional development. There will be extensive opportunities for students to expand their multi-disciplinary outlook through interactions with a wide network of academic, research and industrial / government / policy partners. Pierre will be registered and hosted in COAS and will also spend significant periods of time working at SAMS and Cefas. UEA is renowned globally for its expertise in marine and atmospheric science, and is the only UK university to own and operate its own fleet of ocean gliders. SAMS also runs a glider survey operationally in the North Atlantic, and has a long history of innovative technological development. Cefas is the agency tasked with monitoring the UK's waters. Embedding this project within all these groups will give Pierre exceptional access to learning from top scientists. Specific training will include: - ocean glider piloting, operation, and data analysis- oceanography and marine biology- acoustics- computing and signal processing of large acoustic data sets- seagoing and marine data collection skills- engineering challenges for sensor integration and development.