Auditory Motion and Pedestrian-Motor Vehicle Collisions

听觉运动和行人与机动车碰撞

• 批准号: 6553326
• 负责人: John G. Neuhoff
• 金额: $ 10.34万
• 依托单位: COLLEGE OF WOOSTER
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2002
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2002-09-30 至 2004-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/6553326
• 关键词: auditory stimulus; behavioral /social science research tag; binaural hearing; clinical research; human subject; injury prevention; judgment; motion perception; occupational health /safety; psychoacoustics; sound perception; vehicular accident

DESCRIPTION: Pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions account for over 6% of all occupational fatalities. Perceptual interventions to reduce these accidents have focused primarily on vision. Auditory methods have received less research attention. However, given the high demands on the visual attention of both pedestrian workers and vehicle operators, auditory warning might be a fruitful avenue for the reduction of traumatic injury to pedestrian workers who interact with motor vehicles. Recent research on the perception of auditory looming has shown that listeners tend to underestimate the amount of time it will take for an approaching sound source to reach them. The perceptual bias effectively signals that the source is closer than actual and thus, gives the listener more time than expected to avoid collision (the margin of safety effect). However, there are two caveats to these findings that are important with regard to the reduction of worker fatality and traumatic injury. First, much of the research on auditory looming has been done with source velocities that are far below those typical of motor vehicles. Second, there is emerging evidence to suggest that the perceptual margin of safety for auditory looming is greater for tones than for the broadband noise that is typically emitted by motor vehicles. The objectives of this research are to identify the specific acoustic conditions that maximize the perceptual bias to hear looming sound sources as closer than actual, and the specific conditions that allow the earliest detection of looming auditory motion. This information can then be used to enhance pedestrian safety in a cost effective manner by taking advantage of auditory perceptual biases. For example, if tonal sounds are found to increase the looming bias, then making approaching vehicles produce subtle tones with a temporary a pavement treatment should increase the margin of worker safety. Psychoacoustic experiments will be carried out that examine the perception of auditory looming and the initial detection of egocentric auditory motion. Specifically, the characteristics of source velocity and spectrum (tones vs. noise) will be investigated in order to bring to the workplace the largest possible "margin of safety" in detecting and perceiving looming motor vehicles. By capitalizing on perceptual biases in auditory perception, the results of this work will provide specific, cost effective recommendations for reducing a leading cause of traumatic occupational injury and death.

行人-机动车碰撞占所有职业死亡人数的6%以上。减少这些事故的知觉干预主要集中在视力上。听觉方法受到较少的研究关注。然而，由于行人工人和车辆操作员的视觉注意力的高要求，听觉警告可能是一个富有成效的途径，减少创伤性损伤的行人工人谁与机动车辆互动。最近关于听觉隐现感知的研究表明，听众往往会低估接近声源到达他们所需的时间。感知偏差有效地发出信号，表明源比实际更近，因此，给予收听者比预期更多的时间来避免冲突（安全效应的裕度）。然而，这些发现有两个警告对于减少工人死亡和创伤性伤害很重要。首先，许多关于听觉隐现的研究都是在远低于机动车辆典型速度的声源速度下进行的。其次，有新的证据表明，听觉隐现的感知安全边际是更大的音调比宽带噪声，通常是由机动车辆发出的。本研究的目的是确定特定的声学条件，最大限度地提高感知偏差听到隐约的声源比实际更接近，和特定的条件，允许最早检测隐约的听觉运动。然后，该信息可以用于通过利用听觉感知偏差以具有成本效益的方式增强行人安全。例如，如果音调的声音被发现会增加隐约的偏差，那么通过临时的路面处理使接近的车辆产生微妙的音调应该会增加工人的安全边际。将进行心理声学实验，检查听觉隐现的感知和自我中心的听觉运动的初步检测。具体而言，将调查源速度和频谱（音调与噪声）的特性，以便在检测和感知隐约可见的机动车辆时为工作场所带来最大可能的“安全裕度”。通过利用听觉感知中的感知偏差，这项工作的结果将提供具体的，具有成本效益的建议，以减少创伤性职业伤害和死亡的主要原因。