A study of Renewable Energy Systems and Energy Efficient Technologies for Off-grid Community Residential Buildings in High Solar Radiation Regions

研究目标和问题确定合适的独立的可再生能源系统;已经确定了两个系统（a）提供电力和热水的高浓度光伏系统和（B）用于生产氢气的太阳能电解系统，用于能源储存和烹饪;确定合适的能源效率技术;已经确定了一种有前途的低成本技术-用于外部建筑物外壳的反射（凉爽）涂料，以减少向内部空间的热传递。确定适合于住宅建筑的非自给技术和系统，以减少能源需求，并开发与可再生能源系统相关联的能源管理系统;对（a）高浓度光化学系统、（B）太阳能电解系统和（c）反光（冷）涂料进行生命周期分析。 研究方法高聚光光伏系统是一种最先进的技术，由于效率的不断提高，该技术在商业上是可用的，并不断被研究和开发，以应用于高太阳辐射地区。反光（冷）涂料是一种高科技低成本技术，用于改善自然通风房屋的热舒适性，减少空调房屋的能源需求。太阳能电解槽系统将用于进一步提高可再生能源系统的灵活性（通过生产氢气用于储能和烹饪），从而提高离网能源供应系统的整体效率。两个独立的可再生能源系统和一个节能技术的整体能源和生命周期分析将有助于独立的可再生能源系统领域的知识，新的方法论在发展小康-网格社区和本研究的结果将为决策者和政策制定者提供环境和经济指标的测量，以推动可持续发展。是理论和计算模型和实地测量。将使用的计算工具是用于热和能量建模的EnergyPlus和用于LCA建模的SimaPro。将开展以下研究任务：EnergyPlus将用于模拟使用和不使用节能技术的能源消耗和热水使用。与能源效率技术的结果将被用来确定高浓度的光伏系统和氢储存的大小;从巴勒莫的高浓度光伏模块安装的实验数据将被用来校准理论模型，为社区提供所需的电力和热水提供可靠的预测;来自巴勒莫和波特莫尔的房屋的实验数据将用于校准EP模型，以确保模拟的准确性。此外，在Portmore的冷屋顶安装将用于校准EnergyPlus生命周期分析，将使用SimaPro来评估所研究的高浓度光化学系统、太阳能电解系统和反射（冷）涂料的隐含能量、运行能量和环境影响。生命周期分析所需的数据将来自合作行业（IDEA Ltd和西卡国际）。还将尽可能使用太阳能电解槽系统的已公布数据。生命周期分析结果将与电网电力生命周期分析的可用数据进行比较。

Research objectives and questions Identify suitable stand-alone Renewable Energy Systems; two systems have been identified (a) High Concentrated Photovoltaics system to provide electricity and hot water and (b) solar-powered electrolyser system for production of hydrogen to be used as energy storage and cooking; Identify suitable Energy Efficient Technology; one promising low-cost technology has been identified - reflective (cool) paint for the external building envelope to reduce heat transfer to internal space. Identify off-the-self technologies and systems suitable for residential buildings to reduce energy demand and develop an energy management system linked to Renewable Energy Systems;Carry out a Life Cycle Analysis of (a) High Concentrated Photovoltaics system, (b) solar-powered electrolyser system and (c) reflective (cool) paint. Research methodology High Concentrated Photovoltaics system is a state of the art technology that is commercially available and continuously being researched and developed for application in high solar radiation regions because of the continuous increase in efficiency. Reflective (cool) paint is a high tech low-cost technology used to improve thermal comfort in naturally ventilated houses and reduce energy demand in air-conditioned houses. The solar-powered electrolyser system will be used to further increase the flexibility of the Renewable Energy System (via production of hydrogen to be used as energy storage and cooking), and hence the overall efficiency of the off-grid energy provision system. The integral energy and Life Cycle Analysis of the two stand-alone Renewable Energy Systems and one Energy Efficient Technology will contribute to knowledge in the area of stand-alone Renewable Energy System, new methodological approach in the development of off-grid communities and the results from this study will provide decision and policy makers with measurements of environmental and economic indicators in the drive towards sustainability.The research methods are theoretical and computational modelling and field measurements. The computational tools to be used are EnergyPlus for thermal and energy modelling and SimaPro for LCA modelling. The following research task will be carried out: EnergyPlus will be used to model energy consumption and hot water use for with and without Energy Efficient Technologies. The results with Energy Efficient Technologies will be used to size the High Concentrated Photovoltaics system and hydrogen storage; Experimental data from a High Concentrated Photovoltaics module installation in Palermo will be used to calibrate a theoretical model to provide reliable predictions for the provision of required electricity and hot water for the community; Experimental data from houses in Palermo and Portmore will be used to calibrate the EP models to ensure the accuracy of simulations. In addition, a cool roof installation in Portmore will be used to calibrate the EnergyPlus Life Cycle Analysis will be carried out using SimaPro to evaluate the embodied energy, operation energy and environmental impacts of the studied High Concentrated Photovoltaics system, solar-powered electrolyser system and reflective (cool) paint. Data required for Life Cycle Analysis analysis will be sourced from collaborating industry (IDEA Ltd and Sika International). Published data for solar-powered electrolyser system will be also used as far as possible. The Life Cycle Analysis results will be compared with available data of grid electricity Life Cycle Analysis.