The role of street lighting in reducing vehicle and pedestrian collisions

道路照明一直是帮助道路使用者在黄昏时轻松导航的主要元素。几个世纪以来，在城市中实施某种类型的照明对道路使用者的安全起到了至关重要的作用。随着过去十年的所有技术创新，特别是随着LED技术的革命，如今我们对户外照明的期望远远超过了在夜间观看的可能性。道路照明已成为减少夜间道路交通事故数量、改善驾驶员视觉舒适性、增加特定道路夜间通行能力和减少犯罪的必要工具[1]。然而，考虑到能源消耗的大幅增加，人们在确保节能的工程照明解决方案方面做出了重大努力。主要的争论是这些措施如何影响行人和司机的行为，以及照明条件是否在导致碰撞的情况下发挥作用。该项目的目的是为照明工程解决方案提供信息，通过确定街道照明如何影响城市环境中天黑后行人对司机的显眼程度，并确定街道场景的照明如何影响关键的行人决策。这项基础性研究对街道设施基础设施的规划至关重要，街道设施基础设施将构成未来智能城市的脊梁。本提案的组织形式如下。第2节分析了就这一主题进行的现有研究，包括与所实施的照明系统有关的交通事故分析的背景资料。第三部分提出了本文的主要研究目标和存在的问题。第四节接着介绍了将进行的详细方法，包括研究的一些预期结果。最后，在第5节中提供了一个详细的时间表，强调了在这项博士研究期间将承担的任务。

Street lighting has always been the main element that assists the roads users to navigate with ease during dusk. Throughout the centuries, the implementation of some type of lighting in the cities played a vital role in the safety of the road users. With all the technological innovations during the last decade and especially with the revolution of the LED technology, nowadays we expect from outdoor lighting much more than the possibility to see at night. Road lighting has become a necessary tool for reducing the number of night-time road traffic accidents, improving the visual comfort of drivers, the potential to increase the night-time traffic capacity of a given road and the reduction of the criminality [1]. However, given the massive increase in the energy consumption, there have been major efforts in engineering illumination solutions that would ensure energy saving. The main argument is how these measures affect pedestrian and driver behaviour, and whether lighting conditions play a role in circumstances which lead to collisions. The aim of this project is to inform lighting engineering solutions, by ascertaining how street lighting affects the conspicuity of pedestrians to drivers after dark in urban environments and defining how critical pedestrian decision making is affected by the lighting of the street scene. This fundamental research is essential to inform the planning of street furniture infrastructure which will form the spine of smart cities of the future. This proposal is organized as follows. Section 2 analyses the existing research studies that have been undertaken on this subject including background information on traffic accidents analysis in relation to the implemented lighting systems. In section 3 the main research aims and questions are highlighted. Section 4 follows with the detailed methodology that will be carried out including some of the expected outcomes of the research. Finally, in section 5 a detailed timeframe is provided, highlighting the tasks that will be undertaken during this PhD research.