"Policing the zone of exception: female favela residents' experiences of police violence in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

该项目是2016年开展的研究的延伸，我的MPHIL论文(剑桥大学发展研究中心)就是以此为基础的。通过这项工作的进一步发展，我试图更深入地了解巴西里约热内卢社会经济和政治上被边缘化的妇女所经历的警察暴力的性别表现。从芝加哥到约翰内斯堡再到圣保罗，少数族裔经常被国家杀害和监禁，在许多人看来是相对合法的(Wacquant，2008)。受害者的情况在很大程度上保持一致：来自低社会经济背景的年轻黑人男子。大赦国际(2015)强调，在里约热内卢，被警察杀害的人中99.5%是男性，70%是黑人，75%的人年龄在15岁至29岁之间。因此，研究压倒性地集中在男性遭受致命国家暴力的经历上，很少考虑女性遭受的其他形式的警察暴力。研究问题我之前进行的25次访谈揭示了军警对年轻女性贫民窟居民进行的性虐待、言语虐待和身体虐待的常规做法，但这些做法却是沉默的。现在，我想进一步探讨妇女在被边缘化的社区中生活和经历国家暴力的方式。我的主要目标是探索女性贫民窟居民如何看待警察对女性的暴力形式，重点是她们对应得的、可预测的和合法性的理解。第二个研究问题将评估这些认知如何塑造女性贫民窟居民的行为，包括他们与安全和保护相关的空间和做法。这些研究问题在学术领域和其他领域都具有重要意义。研究结果有可能影响政策和公众对一个目前正在受到密切关注的问题的理解。随着黑人生命也是运动的迅速扩大，研究警察对被边缘化妇女的暴力行为的复杂性具有至关重要的意义。就学术意义而言，这项研究将弥补有关警察暴力的文献中的一个重大空白。

This project is an extension of research conducted in 2016, on which my MPhil dissertation (Centre of Development Studies, University of Cambridge) is based. Through further development of this work, I seek to gain a deeper understanding of the gendered manifestations of police violence experienced by socio-economically and politically marginalised women in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.ContextThe issue of police violence towards marginalised social groups is currently subject to an unprecedented level of global attention within the public and academic spheres. From Chicago to Johannesburg to Sao Paulo, minorities are routinely being killed and incarcerated by the state, with relative legitimacy in the eyes of many (Wacquant, 2008). The profile of victims remains largely consistent across contexts: young, black men from low socio-economic backgrounds. As Amnesty International (2015) highlights, in the case of Rio de Janeiro 99.5% of those killed by the police are male, 70% are black, and 75% are aged between 15 and 29. Accordingly, research has overwhelmingly focussed on the male experience of lethal state violence, with little consideration of the alternative forms of police violence endured by women.Research QuestionsThe 25 interviews I previously conducted shed light on the routine yet silenced practices of sexual, verbal and physical abuse of young female favela residents by military police officers. I now wish to further explore the ways in which women inhabit and experience state violence within marginalised communities. My principal goal is to explore how female favela residents perceive the forms of violence directed at women by police officers, with emphasis on their understandings of deservingness, predictability, and legitimacy. A secondary research question will assess the ways in which these perceptions shape female favela residents' behaviours, including the spaces and practices they associate with safety and protection.These research questions hold importance in the academic sphere and beyond. The research findings have the potential to influence policy and public understanding of an issue that is currently under significant scrutiny. With the Black Lives Matter movement rapidly expanding, research into the complex nature of police violence towards marginalised women is of fundamental importance. In terms of academic significance, this research will serve to bridge a significant gap in the literature concerning police violence.