Exploring 'smart citizenship' as a socio-technical ecology: the case of Oxfordshire, UK

为响应ESRC“数字化时代的生存方式”的战略重点，该研究将被纳入关于智慧城市、大数据和公民身份的新兴文献中。智慧城市通过不同的伙伴关系、利益相关者和轨迹出现，影响着“智慧公民”的构建方式。类似于Greenfield（2006）的断言，“每件”技术“将在不同的地方出现不同：也就是说，现在和将来都不会有一个连续的采用”（第167页），现有的或专门建造的智能城市没有一个模型。一个“自上而下”的模型可以在关键利益相关者之间提出一个有组织的战略，以实现聪明公民的最终利益。Hollands（2015）被批评为城市创业主义的“高科技”变体，将私营企业主导的智慧城市视为“企业智慧城市”，其中“只有通过企业智慧愿景，结合企业形式的城市治理和大量合规和包容的公民才能有效地实现”（第62页）。这就增加了冲突的可能性，因为“如果一些聪明的倡议，一开始是由公共资助的，以社会包容为目标，被以纯粹盈利为目标的私营部门所取代，该怎么办？”（荷兰，2008年，第306页）。企业智慧城市也可以被视为“为商业活动和增长提供支持基础设施，刺激新形式的创业”（第2页）。然而，这意味着“智慧公民”可能存在于一个高度分层的战略中，在智慧城市的交付中参与有限。“自下而上”或社区模式可以被视为与智慧市民一起创造智慧城市，而不是智慧市民。Face Your World项目就是一个例子，这是一个3D模拟环境软件，阿姆斯特丹社区的年轻人通过在网上上传图片和想法来合作设计一个城市公园，供彼此讨论（De Lange & De Waal, 2013）。通过软件代理，这个众包计划说服了当地政府放弃了他们最初的公园计划，而选择了另一个方案。由于缺乏深入的实证案例研究（Kitchin, 2015），该研究将重点关注牛津市的智慧城市举措。这是由牛津战略伙伴关系（OSP）协调的，这是一组跨公共部门（如市议会、NHS、警察）、商业（如Unipart）、学术界(牛津大学、牛津布鲁克斯大学)和志愿和社区组织（如牛津郡社区和自愿行动），其承诺的核心是建立在现有的“智能”倡议和技术上，“严格的公民参与”（智能牛津项目委员会，2015年，第18页）。研究这些核心参与者的政策文件和在线内容，将提供体现该战略中“智能”和“智能公民”含义的理论话语框架。此外，参加牛津市议会和牛津郡议会的公开会议或由这两所大学主办的讲座，将为智慧公民的话语提供见解。这也将使学术文献和其他智慧城市之间的比较分析成为可能。然后将开发三个或更多的案例研究，以探索智能牛津分类的项目中智能公民的多样性；机动性、能源、可持续性、机器人、创新。由于OSP将建立在当前项目的基础上（图1,2015），因此在以后改进研究设计时，可能会出现其他感兴趣的倡议。

Responding to the ESRC strategic priority of 'ways of being in a digital age' the research will be embedded in emergent literatures on smart cities, big data and citizenship. Smart cities emerge through varying partnerships, stakeholders and trajectories that affect how the 'smart citizen' is constructed. Similarly to Greenfield's (2006) assertion that 'everyware' technology "will appear differently in different places: that is, there is and will be no one continuum of adoption" (p.167), there is not one model for existing nor purpose-built smart cities. A 'top-down' model could suggest an organised strategy between key stakeholders for the end benefit of the smart citizen. Critiqued as a 'high tech' variation of urban entrepreneurialism, Hollands (2015) sees private firm-led smart cities as a 'corporate smart city' where it can "only be effectively delivered through a corporate vision of smartness, in conjunction with an entrepreneurial form of urban governance and a large compliant and accommodating citizenry" (p.62). This raises the potential for conflict as "what if some smart initiative which started out as publicly funded and with social inclusion as a goal, become overtaken by private sector concerns whose goal becomes purely profit-making?" (Hollands, 2008, p.306). The corporate smart city could also be seen as providing the "supporting infrastructure for business activity and growth stimulating new forms of entrepreneurship" (p.2). However, this means the 'smart citizen' could exist within a highly hierarchal strategy with limited involvement in the delivery of the smart city. A 'bottom-up' or community model could be seen as producing the smart city with the smart citizen, rather than of the smart citizen. An example of this is exemplified by the Face Your World project - a 3D simulation environment software where young people in a neighbourhood community in Amsterdam collaboratively designed a city park by uploading images and ideas online for debate amongst each other (De Lange & De Waal, 2013). Through the agency of software, this crowd sourced plan persuaded the local government to abandon their initial plans for the park in preference of its alternative.Responding to the lack of in-depth empirical case studies (Kitchin, 2015) the research will focus on smart city initiatives taking place in the city of Oxford. This is coordinated by the Oxford Strategic Partnership (OSP) - a set of collaborative organisations across the public sector (such as the city council, the NHS, the police), business (e.g. Unipart), academia (University of Oxford, Oxford Brookes University) and voluntary and community organisations (such as the Oxfordshire Community and Voluntary Action) with the core of its pledge to build on existing 'smart' initiatives and technologies with "rigorous citizen engagement" (Smart Oxford Project Board, 2015, p.18). Examining policy documents and online content from these core actors will provide the theoretical discursive framing embodying meanings of 'smart' and 'smart citizenship' within this strategy. Additionally, attending public meetings from Oxford City Council and Oxfordshire County Council or talks such as those hosted by either university will provide insight to discourses of smart citizenship. Together this will also enable comparative analyses between the academic literature and other smart cities.Three or more case studies will then be developed in order to explore the diversity of smart citizenship across the projects categorised by Smart Oxford; mobility, energy, sustainability, robotics, innovation. As the OSP will build on current projects (Figure 1, 2015) it may be possible that additional initiatives of interest may emerge while later refining the research design.