Understanding nanoparticle formation and oxidation processes of soot from modern gasoline direct injection engines using advanced characterisation too

随着目前对减少温室气体排放的关注，汽车公司越来越多地关注汽油直喷（GDI）发动机。直接喷射系统提供了理想的减少二氧化碳排放，但它的缺点是烟尘增加。由于GDI发动机将是未来几十年使用最多的内燃机类型，因此减少颗粒物排放是一个关键领域。了解烟尘的性质对设计合适的机油配方和废气后处理系统至关重要。为了全面了解材料特性，必须采用各种分析技术。虽然一些技术，如透射电子显微镜（TEM）已经被广泛用于分析煤烟，但它们的使用还有待改进，以允许更短的时间尺度。此外，原子力显微镜（AFM）等其他方法要么没有使用，要么迄今很少使用。然而，AFM尤其能提供样品力学性能的信息。只有将不同的技术以互补的方式结合起来，才能实现对煤烟的完整表征。

With the current focus on reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases, automotive companies are increasingly looking at gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines. The direct injection system delivers desired reductions of CO2 emissions, however, it suffers from increased soot. As the GDI engine will be the most used internal combustion engine type for the next couple decades, reduction of particulate matter emissions is a key area of interest. Knowledge of soot properties is crucial for design of suitable oil formulation and exhaust gas aftertreatment systems. To obtain a comprehensive understanding of the material characteristics a variety of analysis techniques has to be employed. While some techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have been widely used to analyse soot, their use has yet to be improved to allow for shorter time scales. Furhter, other methods like atomic force microscopy (AFM) have either not or only scarcely been used to date. However, AFM in particular can provide information on the mechanical properties of the sample. Only by combining different techniques in a complementing way, a complete characterisation of the soot can be achieved.