The environmental determinants of dispersal and migratory behaviour of long lived birds

近年来，越来越多的证据表明，随着环境条件的变化，许多鸟类的迁徙行为正在发生变化。特别是，在以前完全迁徙的人口中报告了非迁徙的个人。迁徙行为的这些快速变化为理解迁徙行为的个体发生和确定复杂和高度进化的行为对不断变化的环境条件作出反应的机制提供了机会。环境条件和资源可获得性的变化可以改变对迁徙行为产生的选择压力，个人的策略可能会根据个人所经历的条件而有所不同。长寿鸟类在其一生中可能会经历环境和资源可获得性的相当大的变化，因此，对个体来说，灵活地采取最好地利用不断变化的环境条件的迁徙策略将是有利的。这很少被观察到，而且个体在早期生活中采取的迁徙策略往往是一致的。该项目将审查决定制定不同的个人移徙战略的环境条件。个人层面的数据很难获得，因为环境数据无法以个人经历的规模获得。该项目将包括跟踪白鹤(大型、长寿的鸟类)，并同时监测每只鸟类所经历的环境条件。我们目前的GPS/GSM记录仪可以记录加速度计和温度数据，但需要新的传感器来监控可能影响扩散和移动的其他环境参数(风速、风向、湿度)。我们将监测环境条件的变化如何影响居留和迁徙的白鹤的活动、迁徙行为和死亡率。方法：这个项目将受益于葡萄牙和西班牙以前跟踪白鹤的工作经验，并将与现有的NERC POC相联系，开发新的跟踪设备来监控动物的运动行为。白鹤是一个很好的研究系统，因为它们是大型的长寿物种，可能具有适应性行为，因为它们在一生中经历了环境条件的变化。我们将跟踪40名青少年和20名成年人的行动及其对环境条件变化的反应。这些鸟将被困在鸟巢中，它们的健康状况、性别和年龄将被记录下来。运动特征(速度、方向、飞行类型和移动距离)将与跟踪设备上的环境传感器获得的数据以及鸟类着陆地点的地面覆盖有关。目标：-确定决定扩散和迁徙行为的环境决定因素，控制个体的健康、年龄和性别；-在现有的数据记录器中集成新的传感器，并创建同时监测鸟类运动(GPS)、行为(加速计)和环境参数(例如温度、风速、气压计)的新原型-确定环境参数在白鹤种群统计中的影响，包括迁徙和越冬生存、到达日期、筑巢地点选择和繁殖成功。

In recent years, evidence has grown that the migratory behaviour of many bird species is changing in response to changing environmental conditions. In particular, non-migratory individuals have been reported in previously wholly migratory populations. These rapid changes in migratory behaviour provide an opportunity to understand the ontogeny of migratory behaviour and identify the mechanisms through which complex and highly evolved behaviours respond to changing environmental conditions. Changes in environmental conditions and in resource availability can alter the selection pressures operating on migratory behaviour, and individual strategies may differ according to the conditions individuals will experience. Long-lived birds may experience considerable changes in environment and resource availability during their life-time, hence it would be advantageous for individuals to be flexible and adopt the migratory strategy that best takes advantage of changing environmental conditions. This has rarely been observed and individuals tend to be consistent in the migratory strategy they adopt in early life. This project will examine the environmental conditions that determine the establishment of different individual migratory strategies. Individual level data is difficult to obtain since the environmental data is not available at the scale individuals experience it. This project will involve tracking white storks (large, long-lived birds) and simultaneously monitoring the environmental conditions which individual birds experience. Our current GPS/GSM loggers can record accelerometer and temperature data but new sensors are needed to monitor other environmental parameters that may affect dispersal and movement (wind speed, direction, humidity). We will monitor how changes in environmental conditions will affect the movement, migratory behaviour and mortality of resident and migratory white storks. Methods:This project will benefit from the experience of previous work done with tracking white storks in Portugal and Spain and will be linked to an existing NERC POC for the development of new tracking devices to monitor the movement behavior of animals.White storks are a good study system because they are large long-lived species likely to have adaptable behaviour because they experience variation in environmental conditions through their lives. We will track the movement of 40 juveniles and 20 adults and their movement in response to changes in environmental conditions. The birds will be trapped at the nest, their fitness, sex and age will be recorded. Movement characteristics (speed, direction, flight type and distance moved) will be related to the data obtained by the environmental sensors on the tracking devices and to ground cover on the locations where birds land.Objectives:- Identify the environmental determinants of dispersal and migratory behaviour, controlling for individual fitness, age and sex;- Incorporate new sensors in existing dataloggers and create new prototypes that simultaneous monitor bird movement (GPS), behavior (accelerometer) and environmental parameters (e.g. temperature, wind speed, barometer)- Determine the influence of environmental parameters in the demography of white storks including migration and over-winter survival, arrival date, nest-site selection, and breeding success.