Psychosocial Factors Facilitating Dependence On Anabolic Steroids

调查影响运动和锻炼中对形象和提高成绩药物(IPED)依赖的心理社会因素，特别关注道德脱离(MD；从班杜拉[1991]的道德思想和行动的社会认知理论中得出的一系列六种心理社会机制)。该项目包括三项研究。所有三个参与者都将通过健身房、体育俱乐部、在线论坛和现有联系人进行招募。所有参与者将在过去12个月内使用合成类固醇(AS；运动和锻炼参与者中使用最多的IPED)，年龄在18岁或以上。研究1招募100-150名参与者，研究2招募200-300名参与者，研究3招募20-30名参与者。研究1：纵向研究旨在确定AS依赖和MD的变化是否在AS使用的变化和AS的危害之间起到正相关作用，或者AS依赖的变化和MD的变化是否是AS使用的变化的前奏。在18个月的时间里，将在四个时间点收集关于MD和AS依赖的心理测量数据，以及AS使用和AS危害的数据。将创建一份匿名在线调查问卷，以收集每个时间点的数据。调查问卷将通过健身房、体育俱乐部和在线论坛以及在过去研究期间建立的已知看门人进行传播。研究变量之间的时间关联将使用多水平结构方程模型来检验(见Stenling等人，2017)。研究2：验证研究开发和验证AS依赖和AS渴望的新测量。将创建每个构思的定义和项目库，并将其发送给专家小组，以确定捕捉每个构思的最佳条目，以评估内容有效性。最后确定的项目集将与理论上相关变量的测量相结合，以评估新测量的收敛和区分有效性。包含这些措施的问卷包将由两个AS用户样本完成，他们通过在线论坛、健身房、体育俱乐部和既定的看门人招募。AS用户的一个子样本将被用来评估AS依赖和AS渴望的最终测量，这两个时间点相隔4周，以检查重测的可靠性。探索性和验证性因素分析将与相关分析一起使用，以确定最终项目集及其因素结构(见Boardley和Kavussanu，2007)。研究3：纵向研究，调查在AS使用周期内和之外MD、情绪、AS依赖和AS使用想法(例如，对下一剂量的担忧、尺寸减小、渴望)之间的关系。生态瞬时评估将用于在三个12天期间每天收集三次数据；一次在AS周期之前，一次在AS周期的中期，一次在AS周期之后(见Huhn等人，2016年阿片依赖的例子)。数据将使用定制的智能手机应用程序收集，参与者将通过该应用程序接收智能手机通知，以完成相关的心理测量工具。研究变量之间的时间关联将使用潜在增长曲线模型进行检验(见Stenling等人，2017年)。

Investigating psychosocial factors influencing dependency on image and performance enhancing drugs (IPED) in sport and exercise, with a particular focus on moral disengagement (MD; a series of six psychosocial mechanisms drawn from Bandura's [1991] Social Cognitive Theory of Moral Thought and Action).The project includes three studies. Across all three participants will be recruited through gyms, sport clubs, online forums and existing contacts. All participants will have used Anabolic Steroids (AS; the most used IPED amongst sport and exercise participants) during the last 12 months and will be 18 years of age or older. 100-150 participants will be recruited for Study 1, 200-300 for Study 2, and 20-30 for Study 3.Study 1: Longitudinal study aimed at determining whether changes in AS dependence and MD mediate a positive association between changes in AS use and AS harm, or whether changes in AS dependence and MD prelude changes in AS use. Psychometric data on MD and AS dependence will be collected at four time points over an 18-month period, along with data on AS use and AS harm. An anonymous online questionnaire will be created to collect data at each time point. The questionnaire will be disseminated through gyms, sport clubs, and online forums, as well as through known gatekeepers established during past research. Temporal associations among the study variables will be examined using multilevel structural equation modelling (see Stenling et al., 2017).Study 2: Validation study developing and validating new measures for AS dependence and AS craving. Definitions and item pools for each construct will be created and sent to an expert panel to identify the best items to capture each construct, to assess content validity. The finalised item sets will be combined with measures of theoretically associated variables to assess the convergent and discriminant validity of the new measures. Questionnaire packs containing these measures will be completed by two samples of AS users, recruited via online forums, gyms, sports clubs and established gatekeepers. A sub-sample of AS users will be used to assess the final measures of both AS dependence and AS craving over two time points spread 4 weeks apart to examine test-retest reliability. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis will be used alongside correlational analyses to determine the final item set and its factor structure (see Boardley and Kavussanu, 2007).Study 3: Longitudinal study investigating associations between changes in MD, mood, AS dependence, and thoughts about AS use (e.g., worries about next dose, loss of size, cravings) during and outside of AS-use cycles. Ecological momentary assessment will be used to collect data three times per day across three 12-day periods; once immediately prior to an AS cycle, once in the middle of an AS cycle, and once immediately following an AS cycle (see Huhn et al., 2016 for an example with opioid dependence). Data will be collected using a bespoke smartphone application, with participants receiving smartphone notifications to complete relevant psychometric instruments via the application. Temporal associations among the study variables will be examined using latent growth-curve modelling (see Stenling et al., 2017).