Moving towards sustainable development: environmental valuation and policies in Chile

迈向可持续发展：智利的环境评估和政策

• 批准号: 2072732
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Manchester
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2018 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2072732
• 关键词: Moving; towards; sustainable; development; environmental

New policies are being implemented in Chile regarding energy and environment. One of the main goals for year 2050 is that at least 70% of energy is renewable (Ministerio de Energia, 2015). To reach this, a new law states that customers can connect their renewable energy generators to the grid and sell surplus to the energy distribution company at a regulated price.Efforts to reduce air pollution, such as subsidies for energy-efficient heaters, have made little headway. The valuation of environmental amenities can contribute to the decision-making process of policymaker. A new method for the valuation of environmental amenities has recently appeared in the environmental economics literature: the Life Satisfaction Approach (LSA). LSA uses data on an individual's satisfaction with life in general as a measure of subjective wellbeing levels to value environmental amenities. A limited number of papers have applied LSA to value reductions in air pollution levels. None of these solely focused on developing countries, and there has not been an extensive theoretical analysis of the results LSA yields nor of the assumptions made and how they shape the results obtained.1. Happiness and air pollution in ChileResearch question: What is the willingness to pay for lower levels of air pollution in a developing country?Methodology: Data of subjective wellbeing, air pollution, climate, and individual-level survey data will be used to estimate the willingness to pay using LSA and incorporating spatial components into the econometric analysis. The project will perform a comparative analysis with respect to previous estimations available in the literature, which focus on developed countries.Expected results: The willingness to pay likely to be heterogeneous between different regions and climate zones of Chile, and smaller in comparison to developed countries.2. Comparing methods of environmental valuation: the case of floods in northern ChileRQ: How do the results yielded by LSA compare to those of traditional environmental valuation methods at a theoretical and empirical level?M: This project will meticulously describe and compare the theoretical basis on which LSA and models of revealed and stated preferences are based, with an emphasis on the assumptions made to get a willingness-to-pay expression on each approach. Empirical research will evaluate the effects that recent floods have had in a city in northern Chile. The project will estimate the average willingness to pay for a reduction on the risk of floods using each method in a comparable sample3.ER: LSA yields different estimations of willingness to pay in comparison to models of stated preferences and revealed preferences both at a theoretical and empirical level, because it is based on a different set of assumptions than the traditional environmental valuation methods.3. Connected to the grid: the economic benefits of net billing in ChileRQ: What are the short-term and middle-term economic benefits of adopting a grid-connected renewable energy system for a household?M: Analysis of the economic benefits of net billing in Chile, starting from the methodology proposed by Pillai et al. (2014), which uses temperature and solar radiation data to get the potential of energy generation, in order to estimate the economic benefits of photovoltaic panels. The project will expand this by including the effect that wind, atmospheric pressure, elevation of the location of the turbine and other factors have on potential energy generation of wind turbines.This will compel a new methodology for the analysis of the potential economic benefits of domestic wind turbines with the use of highly-detailed geo-referenced data.ER: Having grid-connected renewable energy systems have a small or null economic benefit on the short term, due to the initial costs, but on a longer term these costs are surpassed and there are positive economic benefits for the household.

智利正在实施有关能源和环境的新政策。 2050 年的主要目标之一是至少 70% 的能源是可再生能源（Ministerio de Energia，2015）。为了实现这一目标，一项新法律规定，客户可以将其可再生能源发电机连接到电网，并以规定的价格将剩余电力出售给能源分销公司。减少空气污染的努力，例如对节能加热器的补贴，几乎没有取得任何进展。环境设施的评估有助于政策制定者的决策过程。最近，环境经济学文献中出现了一种评估环境便利性的新方法：生活满意度法（LSA）。 LSA 使用个人对生活总体满意度的数据作为主观幸福感水平的衡量标准，以评估环境设施的价值。少数论文应用 LSA 来评估空气污染水平的降低。这些都不是仅仅关注发展中国家，也没有对 LSA 的结果进行广泛的理论分析，也没有对所做的假设以及它们如何影响所获得的结果进行广泛的理论分析。1。智利的幸福感与空气污染研究问题：发展中国家为降低空气污染水平而支付的意愿是什么？方法论：主观幸福感、空气污染、气候和个人层面的调查数据将用于通过LSA估算支付意愿，并将空间成分纳入计量经济分析。该项目将与以往文献中的估计进行比较分析，这些估计主要针对发达国家。预期结果：智利不同地区和气候带之间的支付意愿可能存在差异，与发达国家相比较小。2．环境评估方法比较：智利北部洪水案例RQ：在理论和实证层面上，LSA 产生的结果与传统环境评估方法相比如何？M：该项目将仔细描述和比较 LSA 以及揭示和陈述偏好模型所依据的理论基础，重点是为获得每种方法的支付意愿表达式而做出的假设。实证研究将评估近期洪水对智利北部一座城市造成的影响。该项目将在可比样本中使用每种方法来估计为减少洪水风险而支付的平均意愿3。ER：与理论和经验层面上的陈述偏好模型和显示偏好模型相比，LSA 产生不同的支付意愿估计，因为它基于与传统环境评估方法不同的一组假设。3。并网：智利净计费的经济效益RQ：家庭采用并网可再生能源系统的短期和中期经济效益是什么？M：从Pillai等人提出的方法论出发，分析智利净计费的经济效益。 (2014)，它利用温度和太阳辐射数据来获取能源发电潜力，从而估算光伏电池板的经济效益。该项目将通过纳入风、大气压力、涡轮机位置海拔和其他因素对风力涡轮机潜在发电量的影响来扩展这一范围。这将迫使我们采用一种新的方法，通过使用高度详细的地理参考数据来分析国内风力涡轮机的潜在经济效益。ER：由于初始成本，并网可再生能源系统在短期内具有很小或为零的经济效益，但从长远来看，这些成本 超越，并为家庭带来积极的经济效益。