Refining, reducing and replacing non-model amphibian experiments on amphibian infectious diseases.

该项目将(1：改进)建立有效的指标，用于福利监测和实施适当的人文终点；(2：减少)探索皮肤组织开支用于研究RANAV和壶菌真菌的感染动态和生长速度，以及(3：替代)用于研究RANAV生长速率的细胞培养和用于研究RANAV和壶菌真菌的“芯片上的器官”。

This project will (1: refinement) establish valid indicators for use in welfare monitoring and implementation of appropriate humane end points; (2: reduction) explore the utility of skin tissue expants for studying infection dynamics and growth rates of ranaviruses and chytridiomycete fungi, and; (3: replacement) cell cultures for investigating ranavirus growth rates and the development or 'organ on a chip' for studying ranaviruses and chytridiomycete fungi.