Lead in Drinking Water: Reducing/Replacing Phosphate Dosing

饮用水中的铅:减少/替代磷酸盐剂量

基本信息

  • 批准号:
    2907425
  • 负责人:
  • 金额:
    --
  • 依托单位:
  • 依托单位国家:
    英国
  • 项目类别:
    Studentship
  • 财政年份:
    2024
  • 资助国家:
    英国
  • 起止时间:
    2024 至 无数据
  • 项目状态:
    未结题

项目摘要

Lead (Pb) in drinking water is a proven threat to public health, which continues to have devastating consequences, e.g., a series of errors by authorities in Flint (USA) resulted in mass poisoning of the local population. Currently, water suppliers are legally obliged to ensure that the level of Pb in drinking water (DW) does not exceed a certain concentration. Compliance is typically pursued through a combination of pH control and phosphate dosing, which is intended to produce a surface film of a highly insoluble Pb phosphate salt that restricts the amount of dissolved Pb (i.e., plumbosolvency). Water sampling, however, indicates that this chemical treatment is far from perfect, and that the legal limit of dissolved Pb is sometimes exceeded. Moreover, there are increasing concerns that the current phosphate treatment regime will soon become economically unviable, and alternative solutions will be required; existing phosphate dosing levels are simply based on empirical knowledge, with little/no work undertaken to explore benefit/detriment of changes. Motivated by the above, the goal of the PhD project is to test the following hypothesis:Mechanistic understanding of Pb scale evolution/plumbosolvency routes in DW pipes will enable knowledge-based decisions on reducing/replacing phosphate dosing.In sharp contrast to other work undertaken in this arena, work will not be concerned with ex-service Pb-water pipes, which have complex and ambiguous histories that inherently undermine their value for gaining mechanistic insight. Instead, effort will focus initially on elucidating the temporal evolution of scale/plumbosolvency for a reference Pb/DW system, i.e., a Pb sample immersed in a well-defined DW chemistry, in the absence/presence of phosphate dosing (Phos). Such an approach will facilitate the transparency required for mechanistic understanding, including evaluating the relative importance of two potential plumbosolvency routes, i.e., Release of Pb from Pb salts/oxides versus Local corrosion of metallic Pb.To facilitate research delivery, a series of measurable research objectives have been devised, i.e.,(i) Implement experimental setups/procedures suitable for laboratory studies of plumbosolvency/scale evolution in Pb-water pipes.(ii) Identify and quantify routes for plumbosolvency in reference Pb/DW Phos system.(iii) Characterise structure and chemistry of scale formed in Pb/DW Phos system. (iv) Quantify impact of reducing phosphate dosing on plumbosolvency/scale evolution.(v) Elucidate impact of varying DW chemistry on plumbosolvency/scale evolution.(vi) Use experimental data to develop knowledge-based guidelines for phosphate dosing.(vii) Investigate possible alternatives to phosphate dosing.The student will combine electrochemical measurements/solution analysis with scale characteristaion, using advanced electron microscopy, spectroscopy and diffraction techniques, to follow plumbosolvency as a function of scale evolution. It is anticipated that this program will initiate a step-change in our understanding of the relationship between surface scale and Pb in drinking water and provide underpinning knowledge for reduction/replacement of phosphate dosing. Consequently, it will contribute to the following EPSRC priorities: the physical and mathematical sciences powerhouse, frontiers in engineering and technology, and transforming health and health care.
饮用水中的铅(Pb)已被证明是对公共健康的威胁,它继续产生破坏性后果,例如,弗林特(美国)当局的一系列错误导致了当地人口的大规模中毒。目前,供水商有法律义务确保饮用水(DW)中的铅含量不超过一定浓度。通常通过pH控制和磷酸盐投配的组合来追求合规性,其旨在产生高度不溶性的Pb磷酸盐的表面膜,其限制溶解的Pb的量(即,铅溶度)。然而,水取样表明,这种化学处理还远远不够完美,有时会超过溶解铅的法律的限制。此外,越来越多的人担心,目前的磷酸盐处理制度将很快变得不经济可行,需要替代解决方案;现有的磷酸盐剂量水平仅仅是基于经验知识,很少/没有开展工作来探索变化的好处/坏处。基于上述动机,博士项目的目标是测试以下假设:DW管道中铅垢演变/铅溶途径的机械理解将使减少/取代磷酸盐dosing.In形成鲜明对比,在这个竞技场进行的其他工作的知识为基础的决策,工作将不涉及退役铅水管,这具有复杂和模糊的历史,固有地破坏其价值获得机械洞察力。相反,努力将首先集中在阐明参考Pb/DW系统的结垢/铅溶度的时间演变,即,在不存在/存在磷酸盐给药(Phos)的情况下,将Pb样品浸入定义明确的DW化学中。这种方法将有助于提高理解机制所需的透明度,包括评估两种潜在的铅溶途径的相对重要性,即,铅盐/氧化物释放铅与金属铅局部腐蚀的对比。为方便研究,本研究制定了一系列可衡量的研究目标,即:(i)实施适用于铅水管中铅溶解性/水垢演变实验室研究的实验设置/程序。(ii)识别和量化参考Pb/DW Phos系统中铅溶解性的途径。(iii)表征Pb/DW Phos系统中形成的垢的结构和化学性质。(iv)量化减少磷酸盐剂量对铅溶解性/水垢演变的影响。(v)阐明不同DW化学性质对铅溶解性/水垢演变的影响。(vi)使用实验数据来制定基于知识的磷酸盐给药指南。(vii)研究磷酸盐投加的可能替代方案。学生将联合收割机电化学测量/溶液分析与水垢表征相结合,使用先进的电子显微镜,光谱学和衍射技术,以跟踪铅溶解度作为水垢演变的函数。预计这一计划将启动一个步骤的变化,我们的理解之间的关系,饮用水中的表面垢和铅,并提供基础知识,减少/更换磷酸盐投加。因此,它将有助于以下EPSRC的优先事项:物理和数学科学发电站,工程和技术的前沿,以及改变健康和医疗保健。

项目成果

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其他文献

吉治仁志 他: "トランスジェニックマウスによるTIMP-1の線維化促進機序"最新医学. 55. 1781-1787 (2000)
Hitoshi Yoshiji 等:“转基因小鼠中 TIMP-1 的促纤维化机制”现代医学 55. 1781-1787 (2000)。
  • DOI:
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    0
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LiDAR Implementations for Autonomous Vehicle Applications
  • DOI:
  • 发表时间:
    2021
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
  • 通讯作者:
生命分子工学・海洋生命工学研究室
生物分子工程/海洋生物技术实验室
  • DOI:
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    0
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吉治仁志 他: "イラスト医学&サイエンスシリーズ血管の分子医学"羊土社(渋谷正史編). 125 (2000)
Hitoshi Yoshiji 等人:“血管医学与科学系列分子医学图解”Yodosha(涉谷正志编辑)125(2000)。
  • DOI:
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    0
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Effect of manidipine hydrochloride,a calcium antagonist,on isoproterenol-induced left ventricular hypertrophy: "Yoshiyama,M.,Takeuchi,K.,Kim,S.,Hanatani,A.,Omura,T.,Toda,I.,Akioka,K.,Teragaki,M.,Iwao,H.and Yoshikawa,J." Jpn Circ J. 62(1). 47-52 (1998)
钙拮抗剂盐酸马尼地平对异丙肾上腺素引起的左心室肥厚的影响:“Yoshiyama,M.,Takeuchi,K.,Kim,S.,Hanatani,A.,Omura,T.,Toda,I.,Akioka,
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的其他文献

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Field Assisted Sintering of Nuclear Fuel Simulants
核燃料模拟物的现场辅助烧结
  • 批准号:
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  • 财政年份:
    2027
  • 资助金额:
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评估用于航空航天应用的新型抗疲劳钛合金
  • 批准号:
    2879438
  • 财政年份:
    2027
  • 资助金额:
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Developing a 3D printed skin model using a Dextran - Collagen hydrogel to analyse the cellular and epigenetic effects of interleukin-17 inhibitors in
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