Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of smoked drugs of abuse

在过去的十年里，发生了戏剧性的转变 美国对某些滥用药物的管理途径 各州。例如，可卡因最受欢迎的路线已经改变 从鼻腔和静脉注射可卡因到注射可卡因 (“可卡因”)在吸烟路线旁。这一转变的原因并不是 众所周知，但可能包括社会和环境因素 例如吸烟的易用性和方便性，避免 针传疾病，以及可能的药理差异 由不同的给药途径产生。与之形成鲜明对比的是 可卡因、烟草(尼古丁)和大麻(THC)几乎 在美国一直是通过吸烟给药的。这个 给药途径是毒性和毒性的决定因素 一种特定药物的成瘾性。这条烟熏的路线导致了很远的距离 比所有其他形式的吸毒更高的发病率和死亡率。 几项研究已经检查了不同的路线 可卡因、尼古丁和海洛因的使用 行为和生理反应。其他研究也探索了 烟熏大麻的药代动力学和药效学。 一项研究考察了路线变化所产生的影响 给药(鼻腔、静脉和烟熏) 药代动力学参数与药物诱导的行为和 可卡因的生理效应。生理和行为 在服药前和服药后定期收集测量结果 行政管理。同时采集血液样本，并 气相色谱/质谱法分析可卡因 和代谢物。“良好”药物效果的行为测量和 吸烟者的“喜欢”程度高于静脉注射者。 路径，但生理变化在 相当于可卡因的血浆浓度。鼻腔可卡因 给药的特点是血浆可卡因浓度较低 浓度和较慢的药理作用起效 通常比其他观测到的星级要小 管理途径。这些发现表明，吸烟 可卡因(“可卡因”)有更高的滥用倾向和更大的 比同等剂量的可卡因更易产生依赖的特性 通过静脉或鼻腔给药。其他研究 研究发现，吸食海洛因的人的点赞分数相似， 可卡因和尼古丁。总而言之，这些研究表明 吸烟的给药途径与高水平相关 滥用责任和药物的滥用潜力并不是固有的 药物的属性，但可以根据药物的不同而不同 送来了。

A dramatic shift has occurred over the last decade in the route of administration of certain drugs of abuse in the United States. For example, the favored route for cocaine has changed from intranasal and intravenous to administration of cocaine ("crack") by the smoking route. The reasons for this shift are not well understood, but may include social and environmental factors such as the ease and convenience of smoking, avoidance of needle-transmitted diseases, and possible pharmacologic differences produced by the different routes of administration. In contrast to cocaine, tobacco (nicotine) and marijuana (THC) have almost always been administered via smoking in the United States. The route of drug administration is a determinant of the toxicity and addictiveness of a given drug. The smoked route results in far greater morbidity and mortality than all other forms of drug taking. Several studies have examined differences in routes of administration of cocaine, nicotine, and heroin with regard to behavioral and physiological responses. Other studies have explored the pharmacokinetics and pharmcodynamics of smoked marijuana. One study examined the influences exerted by changes in the route of administration (intranasal, intravenous, and smoked) on pharmacokinetic parameters and drug-induced behavioral and physiologic effects of cocaine. Physiological and behavioral measures were collected before and periodically after drug administration. Concurrent blood samples were collected and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for cocaine and metabolites. Behavioral measures of "good" drug effects and "liking" were higher by the smoked route than the intravenous route, but physiologic changes were approximately equal at equivalent plasma concentrations of cocaine. Intranasal cocaine administration was characterized by lower cocaine plasma concentrations and a slower onset of pharmacologic effects that were generally of lesser magnitude than those observed by other routes of administration. These findings suggest that smoked cocaine ("crack") has a higher abuse liability and greater dependence-producing properties than equivalent doses of cocaine administered by the intravenous or intranasal route. Other studies found that liking scores were similar for smoked doses of heroin, cocaine, and nicotine. Together, these studies indicate that the smoked route of drug administration is associated with high levels of abuse liability and that a drug's abuse potential is not an inherent property of the drug, but can vary depending on how the drug is delivered.