How do Infants Direct their Attention when Learning in a Noisy Environment?

婴儿在嘈杂的环境中学习时如何引导注意力？

• 批准号: 2118318
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Birkbeck, University of London
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2018 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2118318
• 关键词: How; do; Infants; Direct; their

As children are still learning how to use their environment to their utmost advantage, theyare inherently more susceptible to the distracting stimuli around them. As such, they are oftentasked with determining which information in their noisy environment is important to focus theirattention on in order to learn. In a large survey conducted in schools around London, Shield andDockrell (2004) found that internal noise has a negative influence on early cognitivedevelopment. Furthermore, in a literary review on the effect of noise on children's cognitiveperformance, Klatte, Bergström, and Lachmann (2013) found an overall trend that backgroundnoise negatively affects their attentional abilities. More specifically, children show both a deficitin being motivated to deploy their attention, and of being capable of deploying their attention ina tactical way in order to learn.Though these studies have begun to address the effect of noise on infants' ability to selectand learn information, the distracting stimuli used are only moderately representative of anaturally noisy environment. This is important to address, because if experiments are notappropriately representing this noise, then the results will not correctly depict what impact this ishaving on infants. In order to address the gap in the extant research, my current Master'sresearch project will test infants' cognitive performance while two ecologically validnoises/distractors are present: 1) ambient environmental noise (e.g., background televisionsounds) and, 2) more focused noise (e.g., several people talking at the same time). This paradigmwould serve as a pilot for what would be used in the currently proposed PhD research project.

由于孩子们仍在学习如何最大限度地利用他们的环境，他们天生更容易受到周围分散注意力的刺激。因此，他们的任务往往是确定在嘈杂的环境中，哪些信息是重要的，以集中他们的注意力，以学习。在伦敦周围的学校进行的一项大型调查中，Shield和Dockrell（2004）发现内部噪音对早期认知发展有负面影响。此外，Klatte、Bergström和Lachmann（2013）在一篇关于噪音对儿童认知能力影响的文献综述中发现，背景噪音对儿童的注意力有负面影响。更具体地说，儿童既缺乏调动注意力的动机，也缺乏以策略方式调动注意力以进行学习的能力。尽管这些研究已经开始关注噪音对婴儿选择和学习信息能力的影响，但所使用的分散注意力的刺激只能适度地代表自然噪音环境。这一点很重要，因为如果实验没有适当地代表这种噪音，那么结果就无法正确地描述这种噪音对婴儿的影响。为了解决现有研究中的差距，我目前的硕士研究项目将测试婴儿的认知表现，同时存在两种生态有效的噪音/干扰物：1）周围环境噪音（例如，背景电视声音）和，2）更集中的噪声（例如，几个人同时说话）。这种模式将作为一个试点，将用于目前提出的博士研究项目。