Ultrasonic Instrumentation for Cardiovascular Studies

描述（来自申请人摘要的逐字）：本申请的总体目标是： 该项目是开发超声仪器，传感器，和 评价人和动物模型心血管功能的技术 人类疾病。在过去的二十年里， 在医学研究中使用较小的动物，如大鼠和小鼠， 成本和近交和基因工程模型的可用性。在这 提出了以下具体目标：1）发展多渠道， 高保真多普勒频谱分析仪和软件， 在小鼠中同时在两个或多个部位测量波形， 足够的保真度，以允许计算用于阻抗评估的光谱 以及涡度的探测和评估， 时间分辨力在评价心脏计时和动脉脉搏波中应用 速度2)一种简易的高空间分辨率M型超声心动图仪的研制 时间分辨率，并具有跟踪两个接口以生成 实时的直径波形。该系统将同时运行， 现有的脉冲多普勒系统，并将提供动态，时间相干 三维信号来补充来自小鼠的速度、压力和ECG信号。 3)开发小型、聚焦、单元件经胸和经食管 高分辨率多普勒和M型超声心动图探头10， 在小鼠中为20 MHz。这些将被用来提高空间分辨率和（从 食管入路），以允许对主动脉和颈动脉进行免提监测 速度和/或心脏尺寸。4)开发尾袖带压力测量 使用多普勒探头来感测尾动脉血流的系统， 和舒张压可以在完整的小鼠中非侵入性地测量。第五章） 开发一种方法来测量小样本（<50 μ l）的新鲜整体粘度 使用多普勒检测自生声流的血液。6)适用 上述技术和系统用于评估 人类疾病的鼠模型，包括：动脉粥样硬化，心肌 缺血、心脏肥大、高血压、衰老、红细胞增多症等 心血管疾病开发的方法将允许测量和 评估？心脏计时，血流速度，动脉脉搏波 速度，动脉阻抗谱，流体动力学，血液粘度;流量 扰动和涡量，压力-体积和压力-直径关系， 和外围电阻。这些非侵入性方法中的一些将是简单的， 足够快的速度来筛选大量的基因改变的小鼠， 心血管异常

DESCRIPTION (Verbatim from Applicant's Abstract): The general goal of this project is to develop ultrason aboutc instrumentation, transducers, and techniques to evaluat about cardiovascular function in man and in animal models of human diseases. During the last two decades there has been a shift toward the use of smaller animals such as rats and mice in medical research because of cost and the availability of inbred and genetically engineered models. In this renewal the following specific aims are proposed: 1) Develop a multichannel, highfidelity Doppler spectrum analyzer and software to permit velocity waveforms to be measured at two or more sites simultaneously in mice with sufficient fidelity to allow calculations of spectra for impedance evaluation and the detection and evaluation of vorticity, and with sub-millisecond temporal resolution for evaluation of cardiac timing and arterial pulse wave velocity. 2) Develop a simple M-mode echocardiograph with high spatial and temporal resolution and with the ability to track two interfaces for generation of real-time diameter waveforms. The system would operate simultaneously with the existing pulsed Doppler system and would provide dynamic, time-coherent dimension signals to complement velocity, pressure, and ECG signals from mice. 3) Develop small, focussed, single-element transthoracic and transesophageal transducers for high-resolution Doppler and M-mode echocardiography at 10 and 20 MHz in mice. These would be used to improve spatial resolution and (from the esophageal approach) to permit hands-free monitoring of aortic and carotid velocity and/or cardiac dimensions. 4) Develop a tail-cuff pressure measurement system using a Doppler probe to sense tail artery flow so that both systolic and diastolic pressure could be measured noninvasively in intact mice. 5) Develop a method to measure viscosity in small (<50 Ill) samples of fresh whole blood using Doppler detection of self-generated acoustic streaming. 6) Apply the techniques and systems outlined above to evaluate detailed hemodynamics in murine models o human conditions including: atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemia, cardiac hypertrophy, hypertension, aging, polycythemia, and other cardiovascular disorders. The developed methods will allow measurement and evaluation oi? cardiac timing, blood flow velocity, arterial pulse wave velocity, arterial impedance spectra, fluid dynamies, blood viscosity;flow disturbances and vorticity, pressure-volume and pressure-diameter relations, and peripheral resistance. Some of these noninvasive methods will be simple and fast enough for screening large numbers of genetically-altered mice for cardiovascular abnormalities.