From Water to Steam: The transition from renewable energy to coal during Scotland's Industrial Revolution

从水到蒸汽：苏格兰工业革命期间从可再生能源到煤炭的转变

• 批准号: 2126627
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Glasgow
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2018 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2126627
• 关键词: Water; Steam; transition; renewable; energy

Aims:1. GIS documentation of the distribution of water mills across Scotland as mapped on the mid-19th-century OS First Edition, to enable rigorous (quantitative) assessment of topographic/ geomorphological control of mill location; and2. using a number of these mills as case studies to investigate industry's switch from water to steam.In 'The origins of fossil capital', Malm questions the common explanation for the 19th-century shift from water power to steam during the Industrial Revolution. Malm argues that this explanation - that "water wheels and other traditional prime movers ... could not deliver [industry's] requisite quantities of energy" (2013, 23) - is limited and that water power had many advantages over steam, including lower cost and greater reliability. Malm's chronology means that, if applicable to Scotland, the switch to steam should have been essentially complete by the mid-19th-century OS mapping.The primary questions the student will examine are:- to what extent do Malm's conclusions (largely based on the English Midlands) relate to Scotland (i) where the geomorphology and hydrology are different from the Midlands, and several large Scottish population centres, such as Glasgow, Perth and Paisley, had water-powered industry throughout the 19th century, and (ii) where, in some situations, such as New Lanark, Deanston, Stanley and Catrine, Scottish industrialists actually moved the population to the geomorphology and hydrology and established factory complexes in locations optimal for water power?- does the geomorphological setting of Scottish water mills differ from southern English mill settings? This PhD will use the geo-referenced mid-19th-century OS First Edition mapping and high resolution digital elevation models to assess whether or not Scottish mills are preferentially located adjacent to the glacially-steepened river reaches best suited to water wheel efficiency. This georeferenced historical mapping has only recently become available, and the geolocation of mills within a GIS will allow quantitative assessment of mill location in relation to river gradient, geomorphology, and proximity to urban centres. The student will pay particular attention to water mills in urban centres, to assess whether steeper river reaches were the preferred locations of water mills in such centres. Earlier urban maps will enable assessment of whether these urban mill locations reflect inertial continuation of earlier 'pre-industrial' locations or were positive choices.- did water-powered industry persist longer in large urban centres in Scotland and does the timing of the shift to steam in these centres differ from that proposed by Malm? The student will examine several industries of their choice, such as the cotton industry and grain-milling, the latter having a persistent history of water power in Glasgow. The urban centres will be particularly interesting because they are located in the estuaries of coastal rivers that would have experienced Scotland's post-glacial uplift, a major effect of which in coastal rivers has been the development of steep reaches, well-suited to water power (Bishop et al., 2005). Cities like Glasgow will also act as excellent case-study sites because of their central role in the development of steam power.- how do themes pursued in this proposed project allow engagement and furthering of debates in environmental history and historical geography regarding the relative contribution of geographical endowments to development paths? How far does the history of Scottish water mills inform wider debates in cultural and economic history regarding the role of technology in the development of a 'culture of growth' during the 18th and 19th centuries (Mokyr 2016)? The student will more broadly assess the extent to which the shift to steam was part of the emerging Enlightenment belief in the usefulness of progress, despite evidence that older technologies were in some ways superior.

目的：1.地理信息系统文件的分布水米尔斯在苏格兰的地图上的19世纪中期OS第一版，使严格的（定量）评估地形/地貌控制磨坊的位置;和2。在《化石资本的起源》一书中，马尔姆对19世纪工业革命期间从水力向蒸汽转变的普遍解释提出了质疑。马尔姆认为，这种解释-即"水轮和其他传统的原动机. "（2013年，第23页）-水动力是有限的，与蒸汽相比，水力有许多优势，包括成本更低和可靠性更高。马尔姆的年表意味着，如果适用于苏格兰，到19世纪中期的OS映射，转向蒸汽应该基本上已经完成。学生将检查的主要问题是：马尔姆的结论在多大程度上（主要基于英格兰中部地区）与苏格兰有关（i）地貌和水文与中部地区不同，几个大的苏格兰人口中心，如格拉斯哥，珀斯和佩斯利，在整个19世纪世纪都有水力工业，（ii）在某些情况下，如新拉纳克，迪安斯顿，斯坦利和卡特林，苏格兰工业家实际上将人口迁移到地貌和水文，并在最适合水力发电的地点建立工厂。苏格兰水米尔斯的地貌环境与英格兰南部的磨坊环境不同吗？这个博士学位将使用地理参考19世纪中期的OS第一版地图和高分辨率数字高程模型，以评估苏格兰米尔斯是否优先位于邻近冰川陡峭的河流达到最适合水轮效率。这种地理参考的历史地图最近才变得可用，地理信息系统中的米尔斯的地理位置将允许定量评估工厂位置与河流坡度，地貌和城市中心的接近程度。学生将特别注意城市中心的水米尔斯，以评估是否陡峭的河流河段是水米尔斯在这些中心的首选位置。早期的城市地图将能够评估这些城市工厂的位置是否反映了早期“工业化前”位置的惯性延续或积极的选择。在苏格兰的大城市中心，水动力工业是否持续时间更长，这些中心转向蒸汽的时间是否与马尔姆提出的不同？学生将研究他们选择的几个行业，如棉花工业和谷物加工，后者在格拉斯哥有水力发电的持久历史。城市中心将特别有趣，因为它们位于沿海河流的河口，这些河流将经历苏格兰的冰后隆起，其在沿海河流中的主要影响是陡峭河段的发展，非常适合水力发电（Bishop等人，2005年）。像格拉斯哥这样的城市也将成为优秀的案例研究场所，因为它们在蒸汽动力发展中发挥着核心作用。本拟议项目所追求的主题如何使环境史和历史地理学能够参与和推动关于天赋地理条件对发展道路的相对贡献的辩论？苏格兰水米尔斯的历史在多大程度上为文化和经济史上关于技术在18世纪和19世纪"增长文化"发展中的作用的更广泛的辩论提供了信息（Mokyr 2016）？学生将更广泛地评估转向蒸汽的程度是新兴的启蒙运动信念的一部分，即进步的有用性，尽管有证据表明旧技术在某些方面优于上级。