YOUNG PEOPLE AND TEACHERS' UNDERSTANDING OF REPRODUCTIVE COERCION IN ITALY AND IN UK - A REFLECTION ON SEX EDUCATION PROVISION.

topic：我的研究将集中在意大利和英国年轻人（yp）的生殖强迫问题上。许多研究（例如STIR：保护青少年亲密关系，2015年，简报2）表明，女学生面临性胁迫的高风险（10个女学生中有4个报告经历过性胁迫），这与生殖胁迫密切相关，因为在暴力亲密关系中可能很难协商避孕（Silverman等人，2010年和Miller等人，2010年）。Blanc（2001）认为生殖强迫与两性关系中的权力不平衡（例如强奸）特别相关，而这又与性别角色相关：Stark（2007）认为，如果你是一个女孩/女人，你认为母性是你在家庭中预期角色的不可避免的一部分，这会影响你的选择和你周围的人对待你的方式。强迫生育的主要后果是性传播感染、意外怀孕（以及低自尊和自责，正如Branscombe等人所强调的，2003）和对受害者随后的浪漫经历的负面影响（i -受害）（Collibee和Furman， 2014和Evans， 2000）；上述问题也是公共卫生服务的一项重大成本（计划生育协会，2013年）。考虑到“浪漫关系”的发展是青春期的一个重要里程碑（Collibee和Furman， 2014），而且大多数青少年都在上学，性教育似乎是解决上述问题的最佳场所，它告诉年轻人关于生殖强迫和权力动态（Hirst, 2010）。然而，意大利和英国的性教育政策可以说是“沉默的”（除了生殖生物学）（Beaumont和Maguire， 2013），并且可以说缺乏对生殖强迫的理解以及生殖强迫与性教育之间联系的学术关注；大多数研究都集中在性胁迫和同意的更广泛的问题上。鲍威尔,2010;Beres， 2007年和2014年)。我的项目：我的大规模研究将调查青少年（18岁以上）和教师（教师应该了解这一点，以便教授它）在不同的高中（在意大利，高中是由14-19岁的学生上的）和意大利和英国的大学对生殖强迫的理解/经历，反思性教育提供的适当性。考虑到许多女学生报告经历过性胁迫（STIR, 2015, Briefingpaper 2）（与生殖胁迫密切相关），这可能会对受害者产生严重的终身后果，我希望我的研究能够为教育政策（特别是在意大利，那里没有规范性教育的政策）、服务和更广泛的社会提供信息，这样他们就能够/有权享受健康和积极的性生活。我对yp对生殖强迫的理解很感兴趣，这是一个相当敏感的问题，我将使用半结构化访谈，这与结构化访谈相反，允许灵活性：参与者可以要求澄清，可以扩展他们的答案，将访谈转向他们喜欢的方向（Gray, 2014; Bryman, 2012）。

TOPICMy research will focus on the issue of reproductive coercion amongst young people (yp) in Italyand in UK.CONTEXTNumerous studies (e.g. STIR: Safeguarding Teenage Intimate Relationships, 2015, Briefing Paper 2)reveal that schoolgirls are at high risk of sexual coercion (4 out of 10 schoolgirls report havingexperienced sexual coercion), which is strongly linked with reproductive coercion as it might bevery difficult to negotiate contraception within a violent intimate relationship (Silverman et al,2010 and Miller et al, 2010).Blanc (2001) argues that reproductive coercion is especially linked with imbalance of power insexual relationships (e.g. rape), which is in turn linked to gender roles: as argued by Stark (2007), ifyou are a girl/woman and you see motherhood as an inevitable part of your expected role in thehousehold, this affect your choices and the way you are treated by those around you.The main consequences of reproductive coercion are sexually transmitted infections, unintendedpregnancies (together with low self-esteem and self-blame, as highlighted by Branscombe et al,2003) and a negative impact on victims' subsequent romantic experiences (RI-victimization)(Collibee and Furman, 2014 and Evans, 2000); the above issues also represent a significant cost forthe public health service (FPA-The Family Planning Association, 2013).Considering that the development of 'romantic relationships' is an important milestone inadolescence (Collibee and Furman, 2014) and that the majority of adolescents attend school, sexeducation seems to be the best place to address the above issues, informing young people aboutreproductive coercion and power dynamics (Hirst, 2010).PROBLEMS ADDRESSEDHowever, sex education policies in Italy and in UK are arguably 'silent' (apart from the biology ofreproduction) (Beaumont and Maguire, 2013) and there is arguably lack of scholarly attention toyp's understanding of reproductive coercion and to the link between reproductive coercion andsex education; most of the research focus on the broader issues of sexual coercion and consent(e.g. Powell, 2010; Beres, 2007 and 2014).MY PROJECTMy large-scale research will investigate yp's (over 18) and teachers' (teachers should have anunderstanding of it in order to teach it) understanding/experiences of reproductive coercionacross different high schools (In Italy, high schools are attended by pupils aged 14-19) anduniversities in Italy and in UK, reflecting on the appropriateness of sex education provision.Considering that many schoolgirls report having experienced sexual coercion (STIR, 2015, Briefingpaper 2) (strongly linked to reproductive coercion) and that this might have serious lifelongconsequences for victims, I hope that my research will inform educational policies (especially inItaly, where there are no policies regulating sex education), services and the wider society, so thatyp will be able/empowered to enjoy a healthy and positive sexual life.PROPOSED METHODSAs I am interested in yp's understanding of reproductive coercion, which is a rather sensitiveissue, I will use semi-structured interviews, which, as opposed to a structured interview, allowsflexibility: participants can ask for clarification and can expand their answers, steering theinterview towards the direction they prefer (Gray, 2014; Bryman, 2012).