The British Exile: Memory and Trauma in the Works of Spanish Writers Exiled in Great Britain after the Spanish Civil War

由于其复杂的性质，西班牙流亡尚未得到必要的关注。此外，审查制度和在国外出版的困难，以及其他原因，剥夺了流亡文学成为文学经典的机会。此外，除了挑战经典和展示对西班牙集体身份至关重要的历史事件的新视角外，西班牙流亡者的文学作品在跨国研究的背景下是属于两种文化的混合创作。因此，流亡文学处于政治、历史和文学之间的一个不确定的空间，有助于理解一个民族历史的复杂性。除了其作为一种体裁的问题性质，证明写作提出了类似的问题。尽管没有接收大量的西班牙难民，但英国吸引了西班牙知识分子，他们在流亡中享有相对特权的地位（尽管文化差异和西班牙的破坏仍然产生了深刻的疏离感）。这些情况不同于法国（难民面临极端困难）或拉丁美洲（他们太遥远而不了解自己的国家），导致了对战争原因提供不同观点的证词的产生，并试图重建流亡的记忆。此外，由于作者致力于其文学层面，这些证词也构成了艺术作品。研究的作品将是阿图罗巴雷亚的三部曲《反叛的力量》（1941 - 1944），埃斯特班·萨拉查的《佩里科在伦敦》（1947）和《在水中瓦伦西亚》（1995），Jose Antonio Balbontin的La Espana de mi experiencia（1952）和Mis impresiones de Inglaterra（2014）以及萨尔瓦多德马达里亚加的Memorias de un federalista（1967）和Memorias（1921 - 1936）。03 The Dog（1974）这些是唯一著名的作者出版的证词，其流亡完全发生在英国。此外，尽管他们的背景和意识形态不同，但他们有着相似的流亡经历，这导致了类似的证词。流放理论和记忆理论将构成这一分析的框架。Ugarte（1989）认为证词是流亡者恢复损失的生存需要的结果，流亡是一种语言被视为比政治行动更有效的社会变革的现象。同样，Soler-Sasera（2006）将证词描述为对集体遗忘的道德债务，并将其描述为记住那些没有被遗忘的人的练习。Said（2000）关于流亡者创伤经历所带来的对位视觉和外国视角意识的观点将阐明英国流亡对他们的影响。此外，根据Assmann（2008）的“文化记忆”概念，即“集体记忆的形式，即它由许多人共享，并向这些人传达集体的，即文化的，身份”，本项目将研究这些证词如何在构建文化记忆的同时恢复流亡者的身份。

Due to its complex nature, the Spanish exile has not received the necessary attention yet. Moreover, censorship and the difficulties of publishing abroad, among other reasons, have denied exile literature the opportunity of becoming part of the literary canon. Furthermore, besides challenging the canon and displaying new perspectives about historical events which are crucial for the Spanish collective identity, Spanish exiles' literary works are relevant in the context of transnational studies as hybrid creations which belong to two cultures. Therefore, exile literature stands in an undefined space between politics, history and literature, which facilitates the understanding of the complexities of a people's history. Besides its problematic nature as a genre, testimonial writing presents similar issues. Despite not receiving numerous Spanish refugees, Britain attracted Spanish intellectuals who benefited from a relatively privileged position in exile (although the cultural difference and Spain's devastation still generated a profound sense of alienation). These conditions, different from those found in France (where refugees faced extreme difficulties) or in Latin America (where they were too far distant to know about their country), led to the creation of testimonies which offered different perspectives on the causes of the war and attempted to reconstruct the memory of exile. Moreover, as their authors worked on their literary dimension, these testimonies also constitute pieces of art. The works studied will be Arturo Barea's trilogy La forja de un Rebelde (1941 - 1944), Esteban Salazar's Perico en Londres (1947) and En aquella Valencia (1995), Jose Antonio Balbontin's La Espana de mi experiencia (1952) and Mis impresiones de Inglaterra (2014) and Salvador de Madariaga's Memorias de un federalista (1967) and Memorias (1921 - 1936). Amanecer sin mediodia (1974). These are the only well-known authors of published testimonies whose exile occurred entirely in Britain. Moreover, despite their diverse backgrounds and ideologies, they had similar exile experiences which resulted in similarly oriented testimonies. Theories of exile and memory will frame this analysis. Ugarte (1989) conceives testimonies as the result of the exiles' existential need of recovering their loss, and exile as a phenomenon where language is seen as more effective for social change than political action. Similarly, Soler-Sasera (2006) describes testimonies as a moral debt against collective oblivion and as an exercise in remembering those who were voiceless. Said's (2000) ideas on exiles' contrapuntal vision brought about by traumatic experiences and the awareness of foreign perspectives will elucidate the influence of their British exile. Furthermore, following Assmann's (2008) concept of 'cultural memory' as a 'form of collective memory in the sense that it is shared by a number of people and that it conveys to these people a collective, that is, cultural, identity', this project will study how these testimonies enabled the recuperation of exiles' identity while constructing cultural memory.