Paula, Josef and Frieda Fruchter: Letters from Shanghai Exile 1941–1949

1941年4月至5月，钢琴家兼声乐教练Paula Fruchter（1896-1983）和歌手、歌唱教师兼领唱Josef Fruchter（1900-1976）带着他们8岁的女儿Frieda（1933-2020）逃往上海。他们是在中国港口城市为躲避纳粹迫害而寻求庇护的大约1.8万名难民中的一员，其中大部分是犹太难民。1941年至1949年间，在丈夫和女儿的来信的补充下，保拉·弗鲁彻特给她在维也纳的母亲和其他亲戚写了近70封信、明信片、电报和红十字会的信息。由于这位母亲没有受到反犹迫害的影响，她在维也纳的纳粹时期幸存下来，并带着她的信件。这绝对是例外，因为在大多数情况下，来自上海的信件的收件人被驱逐出境，信件连同他们的财物一起丢失了。弗鲁彻特夫妇的信分三个阶段写成，没有回信留存下来。第一批短信是在从维也纳经柏林、莫斯科、西伯利亚和满洲国的航班上写的。他们给人的印象是旅行的环境，城市和风景，以及接近外国的世界。最后一部分由四封信组成，这些信是在从上海经意大利到以色列和以色列拉纳纳的船上写的。这些主要是关于对未来的希望和恐惧。来自上海的信件占了最大的一部分。除了专业情况（音乐会、教学、在犹太教堂担任领班、工作条件、竞争情况等）之外，他们还处理上海的日常生活（住宿、食物、健康、气候、教育、联系网络以及对战后进一步移民或移民的考虑）。在上海的艰难处境和对维也纳母亲的关心的背景下，保拉·弗吕切特特别发展了一种写作策略——典型的流亡书信——既安抚了自己，又安抚了母亲。该项目的目的是出版两部分。第一部分将是分析性研究。它将分析弗吕契特一家在流亡期间的具体沟通策略，因此，在其他事情中，弗吕契特一家在上海的生活状况，包括音乐生活，是如何传达给他们的。这与对研究状况、来源情况、历史背景、Fruchters的传记和家庭背景的解释相结合。信件版，包括评论和参考工具、信件索引和关于编辑问题和决定的报告，将构成第二部分。该项目与申请人的专著《1938-1949年上海流亡的音乐家和音乐家》（2021）有关，旨在建立对那里尝试的纠缠历史的方法论考虑。

In April/May 1941, the pianist and vocal coach Paula Fruchter (1896-1983) and the singer, singing teacher and cantor Josef Fruchter (1900-1976) fled to Shanghai with their eight-year-old daughter Frieda (1933-2020). They were among the approximately 18,000 mostly Jewish refugees who sought refuge from Nazi persecution in the Chinese port city. Supplemented by messages from her husband and daughter, Paula Fruchter wrote almost 70 letters, postcards, telegrams and Red Cross messages to her mother and other relatives in Vienna between 1941 and 1949. Since the mother was not affected by antisemitic persecution, she survived the Nazi period in Vienna and with her the letters. This is absolutely exceptional, because in most cases the addressees of letters from Shanghai were deported and the correspondence was lost along with their belongings. The Fruchters’ letters, for which no reply letters have survived, were written in three phases. The first messages were written during the flight from Vienna via Berlin, Moscow, Siberia and Manchukuo. They give an impression of the circumstances of the journey, of cities and landscapes as well as approaching foreign worlds. The final section is made up of four letters written during the ship passage from Shanghai via Italy to Israel and in Raanana, Israel. These are mainly about hopes and fears for the future. The letters from Shanghai make up the largest part. In addition to the professional situation (concerts, teaching, work as cantor in the synagogue, working conditions, competitive situation, etc.), they deal with everyday life in Shanghai (accommodation, food, health, climate, education, contact networks and considerations for further migration or remigration in the post-war period). Against the background of the difficult situation in Shanghai and the concern for her mother in Vienna, Paula Fruchter in particular developed writing strategies – typical of letters from exile – that served both to reassure herself and to calm her mother. The aim of the project is a two-part publication. The first part will be an analytical study. It will analyse the Fruchters’ exile-specific communication strategies and thus, among other things, the image that was conveyed to the family in Vienna of the conditions in Shanghai, including musical life. This is combined with explanations of the state of research, the source situation, the historical background, the biographies of the Fruchters and the family contexts. The letter edition, including commentary and reference apparatus, a letter index and a report on the editorial problems and decisions, will form the second part. The project is connected to the applicant’s monograph “Musiker und Musikerinnen im Shanghaier Exil 1938–1949” (2021) and is intended to build on methodological considerations on the history of entanglements tried out there.