The Shrine and the Marketplace: Religious Materiality in London during the Long Fifteenth Century (1370-1530)

近年来，漫长的十五世纪(约1370-1530年)受到了宗教和文学历史学家的更多关注。随着历史学家从单一的英国宗教改革的观点中移开，随着对中世纪晚期英国宗教的调查抛开异端话语的两极，他们揭示了一个充满活力的时期，用英语写作和其他文化产品，这支持了广泛的世俗宗教实践。这在现存的文物中得到了充分的证明。无数的书籍、衣服、徽章、艺术品和家居用品见证了宗教在家庭领域的实践方式。这是泛欧洲现象的一部分，在法国、意大利和低地国家的物品和社会运动中很明显。然而，15世纪英国宗教的历史仍然是压倒性的文本。在我的研究过程中，我将探索关键的研究问题：1)中世纪晚期伦敦宗教实践的关键要素是什么？2)宗教实践在这一时期是如何发展和变化的？3)围绕宗教实践的二分法，如拉丁语和白话文/精英和大众/神职人员和俗人/教士/宗教改革/改革实际上是如何反映宗教实践的？团体和个人提供服务和产品以促进灵修需求？5)更广泛的英语和欧洲背景如何影响伦敦的灵修实践？在追求这些目标时，我的项目将寻求将中世纪的物质文化、中世纪晚期的宗教和中世纪伦敦周围的学术研究汇集在一起，以突出围绕中世纪晚期伦敦的虔诚文化和实践的复杂网络。这将基于关键的历史分析。埃蒙·达菲关于改革前英格兰的著作，特别是他的著作《祭坛的剥离》，清楚地展示了改革前英格兰复杂的虔诚环境。芭芭拉·哈纳瓦特和卡罗琳·巴伦全面讨论了伦敦的市民生活。哈纳瓦特关于中世纪伦敦儿童史和妇女史的重要著作也为分析性别和奉献之间的关系提供了一个重要的起点。重要的是，该项目将通过利用各种二手和主要资源，从广泛的社会角度来考虑这些问题。例如，考虑到中世纪英格兰神殿和朝圣的社会重要性，历史学家已经做了重要的工作。罗纳德·菲努坎和雷切尔·库普曼通过他们关于中世纪神殿记录的作品表明，布莱恩·斯宾塞在他的分析朝圣者徽章中强调了虔诚对象的背景。最近几十年发展起来的关于中世纪物质文化的新兴文献将为我的研究提供重要的考古学和历史学背景。我会尽可能地将这些不同的史学线索结合在一起，这不仅会提供新的学术见解，还会更容易地向学术界以外的更广泛的群体传播。然而，我将寻求不仅将历史学的要素结合在一起，而且将不同的历史来源和方法结合在一起。书面证据和物质文化的融合将尤为重要。因此，我想使用这些不同的来源及其内容来跨越社会阶层，并看看不同的社会群体在消费虔诚的物品时可能如何相互影响。

In recent years the long fifteenth century (c. 1370-c.1530) has received moreattention from historians of religion and literature. As historians move away from a view of a singularEnglish Reformation, and as inquiries into late medieval English religion put aside the polarity of heterodox discourse, they reveal a period vibrant with writing and other cultural production in English, which supported a wide range of lay devotional practices. This is amply evidenced in surviving artefacts. A myriad of books, clothes, badges, artworks and domestic objects bear witness to the way religion was practiced in the domestic sphere. This was part of a pan-European phenomenon, evident in objects and social movements in France, Italy and the Low Countries. However, histories of fifteenth-century English religion are still overwhelmingly textual. My research would seek to combine the abundant textual evidence of late medieval London with the plethora of surviving objects to provide an interdisciplinary insight into the devotional culture of the city and the lives of its denizens.During the course of my research I will explore key research questions:1) What were key elements of devotional practice in late Medieval London?2) How did devotional practices develop and change during this period?3) To what extent are the dichotomies often drawn around devotion such as Latin vs Vernacular/ Elite vs Popular/ Clergy vs Laity/ Pre-Reformation/ Reformation actually reflective of devotional practice?4) How did groups and individuals provide services and products to facilitate devotional needs?5) How did wider English and European contexts inform devotional practice in London?In pursuing these aims, my project would seek to draw together a number of strands of fascinating scholarship on Material Culture in the Middle Ages, religion in the later Middle Ages, and scholarship around medieval London, to highlight the complex networks at play surrounding devotional culture and practice in Later Medieval London. This would be based on key historical analyses. Eamon Duffy's work on pre-Reformation England, and in particular his book The Stripping of the Altars, clearly showcases the complex devotional environment of pre-reformation England. Barbara Hanawalt and Caroline Barron have comprehensively discussed the civic life of London. Hanawalt's important work on the history of childhood and the history of Women in Medieval London also provides an important starting point for analysing the relationship between gender and devotion. Importantly, this project will allow through its utilisation of a variety of both secondary and primary sources to consider these issues from a broad social perspective. For instance, Important work has been done by historians considering the social importance of shrines and pilgrimage in Medieval England. Ronald Finucane and Rachel Koopmans have shown through their works on medieval shrine records, that Brian Spencer has highlighted the contexts of devotional objects in his analysis pilgrim badges. The burgeoning literature on Medieval Material Culture which has developed in the last few decades will provide important archaeological and historical contexts for my research. I would seek to draw these diverse historiographical strands together where possible, which will not only provide new academic insight but also allow for easier dissemination to wider groups outside of academia. I will seek however to not only draw elements of histography together, but different historical sources and methods. The fusion of written evidence and material culture will be particularly important. I would like therefore to use these varied sources and their contents to work across social strata, and to see how different social groups may have influenced each other in their consumption of devotional objects.