Can Mexico attract high-quality FDI in its biotechnology industry?

这项研究试图了解墨西哥如何在其生物技术产业中吸引高质量的外国直接投资。S-安科切斯(2000a：80)指出，尽管西班牙和拉丁美洲国家具有相似的法律和制度特征，但它们之间几乎没有比较分析，基于此，本研究使用最相似的系统设计方法，对比了西班牙如何设法吸引高质量的外国直接投资，从而成为世界上生物技术公司最多的第二个国家(经合组织，2015年，内格罗尼，2017年)和墨西哥吸引外国直接投资的困难，这并不局限于经济飞地(Gallaher和Zarsky，2007年)。这项研究的重点是每个国家最大的医疗生物技术产业集群：西班牙的巴塞罗那和墨西哥的墨西哥城。通过分析外国直接投资对社会和经济发展的影响来衡量外国直接投资的质量。经济发展以提高国内企业生产能力的溢出效应衡量，社会发展以创造持续就业为衡量标准，分为技术工作和非技术工作。考虑到生物技术公司雇佣的大多是高技能劳动力，并受益于税收减免以激励外国直接投资和研发，这种区别是必要的。因此，通过外国直接投资在墨西哥促进生物技术产业的努力可能会为穷人和中产阶级提供有限的发展好处，并加剧不平等。本研究将使用三个层面的分析来解释西班牙和墨西哥外国直接投资质量的差异：公司层面的战略(微观)、产业政策(中观)和各种资本主义(宏观)。它将有助于学术和政策辩论，讨论外国直接投资在使墨西哥等中等收入国家在高科技产业中形成动态比较优势方面的作用，以及外国直接投资在生物技术产业中的社会和经济发展效益。它希望就墨西哥如何在吸引高质量外国直接投资方面效仿西班牙的成功提供政策建议。

This research seeks to understand how Mexico can attract high-quality FDI in its biotechnology industry. Building on Sánchez-Ancochea's (2000a:80) observation that there is little comparative analysis between Spain and Latin American countries despite their similar legal and institutional characteristics, this study uses a most similar systems design methodology to contrast how Spain managed to attract high-quality FDI to become the second country in the world with the most biotechnology firms (OECD 2015, Negroni 2017) with Mexico's difficulty to attract FDI which is not confined in economic enclaves (Gallaher and Zarsky 2007). The study focuses on the largest medical biotechnology industrial cluster in each country: Barcelona in Spain and Mexico City in Mexico. The quality of FDI is measured by analysing its effect on social and economic development. Economic development is measured as spill-overs which increase the productive capabilities of domestic firms.Social development is measured as the creation of sustained employment and is divided into skilled and unskilled jobs. This distinction is necessary given that biotechnology firms hire mostly high-skilled labour and benefit from tax breaks to incentive FDI and R&D. As such, efforts to promote the biotechnology industry in Mexico through FDI may provide limited developmental benefits to the poor and middle class and exacerbate inequalities.This study will use three levels of analysis to explain the differences in the quality of FDI between Spain and Mexico: firm level strategy (micro), industrial policy (meso) and varieties of capitalism (macro). It will contribute to the academic and policy debate over the role of FDI in enabling middle-income countries such as Mexico to develop a dynamic comparative advantage in high-technology industries, as well as the social and economic developmental benefits of FDI in the biotechnology industry. It hopes to provide policy recommendations as to how Mexico can emulate Spain's success in attracting high-quality FDI.