Surface ponds on debris-covered glaciers, High Mountain Asia

该项目将涉及实地工作、地面和卫星遥感以及数值模拟，以调查池塘和湖泊及其相关的冰崖对亚洲高山地区被碎片覆盖的冰川融化的作用。它将建立在SPRI和苏黎世ETH最近的合作工作的基础上，该合作仅专注于尼泊尔的郎塘流域，以包括其他地区对比鲜明的冰川表面、地形和气候。将对特定冰川上的特定池塘进行现场监测，以了解它们的充水和排水行为以及能量收支特征(与大气、水中以及与邻近的冰崖和覆盖着碎片的底部之间的辐射和湍流能量转移)。这些测量将用于改进/验证现有的小规模池塘过程模型。陆地和/或空中(无人机)光学图像将用于监测池塘范围的变化，图像和现场测量将用于开发计算池塘深度的算法，以便可以计算冰川规模的可变池塘体积。这些信息将与卫星遥感(光学-陆地卫星和哨兵2号；雷达-哨兵1号)结合起来，以估计大区域池塘面积、深度和体积在空间和时间上的变化。这一边界条件将与缩小尺度的区域气候一起使用，以评估池塘和湖泊对HMA冰川物质平衡的作用。将在以下方面提供培训：实地仪器；地面和空中运动结构；光学和雷达图像处理；数值建模；编程(MatLab、JavaScript、PYTHON、谷歌地球引擎)；冰川学；实地安全。

This project will involve fieldwork, terrestrial and satellite remote sensing, and numerical modelling to investigate the role of ponds and lakes, and their associated ice cliffs, on the melting of debris-covered glaciers across High Mountain Asia. It will build on recent collaborative work between SPRI and ETH, Zurich, which focused exclusively on the Langtang catchment, Nepal, to include other areas of contrasting glacier surface, topography, and climate. Specific ponds on particular glaciers will be monitored in situ for their filling & draining behaviour & energy budget characteristics (radiative & turbulent energy transfer with the atmosphere, within the water, & with adjacent ice cliffs & debris covered bottoms). The measurements will be used to improve / validate existing small-scale pond process models. Terrestrial and/or airborne (drone) optical imagery will be used to monitor variations in pond extent, & the imagery & in situ measurements will be used to develop algorithms for calculating pond depths, so that variable pond volumes can be calculated at the glacier scale. This information will be combined with satellite remote sensing (optical - Landsat & Sentinel 2; & radar - Sentinel 1) to estimate spatially and temporally varying pond areas, depths and volumes across large regions. This, boundary condition will be used together with downscaled regional climatologies to estimate the role of ponds and lakes on glacier mass balance across HMA. Training will be provided in: Field instrumentation; Terrestrial and airborne structure-from-motion; Optical and radar image processing; Numerical modelling; Programming (MATLAB, JavaScript, Python, Google Earth Engine); Glaciology; Field Safety.