Development and application of molecular probe arrays to understand complex biopolymer chemistry involved in household soil and odour adhesion.

家庭护理和织物清洁中涉及的化学物质有时可能很复杂。它通常涉及许多组分的粘附，包括碳水化合物、蛋白质、核酸和脂质。这些成分通过简单的日常使用（包括与皮肤接触）污染我们的衣服和其他家居用品，这是洗衣污垢的主要来源之一（Rajaganesh和Krifa，2017）。蛋白质如角蛋白（人类皮肤和毛发中最丰富的结构蛋白质）含有大量的二硫键，使它们强烈地粘附到织物表面或被捕获在纤维之间，因此在洗涤过程中抵抗酶促降解（Hoshino等人，1995; Jaouadi等人，2009年）。这个问题由于社会上为了更好的能量效率而在较低温度下洗涤的日益增长的趋势而加剧（Paul等人，2016年）。这导致了对自然界中更好的酶的研究，这些酶不仅在低温下表现良好，而且还可以降解复杂的污垢，包括可溶性和不溶性蛋白质，如角蛋白和血液中含有的蛋白质（Paul等人，2016）。然而，寻找用于洗涤剂的新酶通常在没有对洗涤前后土壤中究竟含有什么进行任何研究的情况下开始。目前用于家庭护理和织物清洁行业的方法无法检测和定量污染服装中的主要污染物（Rajaganesh和Krifa，2017）。拟议项目旨在开发和应用数百种先进的分子探针，使用高通量阵列来识别涉及土壤和恶臭粘附到织物和其他家居用品的关键基质。该项目中使用的技术将允许识别用水和酶基洗涤剂洗涤前后附着在织物上的土壤中所含的基质。具体地，该项目涉及使用综合微阵列聚合物分析（COMPP），其先前通过将细胞壁多糖的提取与使用用各种单克隆抗体（mAb）探测的微阵列相结合而广泛用于分析植物细胞壁（Moller等人，2007年）。COMPP是一种半定量高通量方法，近年来已在各种研究项目中使用和改进，主要涉及复杂植物细胞壁多糖组分的鉴定（Moller等人，2007; Moller等人，2012; Mravec等人，2017年）的报告。该项目建议使用COMPP来识别构成粘附在普通家用物品（包括服装面料）上的复杂土壤的特定成分。在William Willats教授研究小组的帮助下，将使用纽卡斯尔大学德文郡大楼的微阵列进行COMPP。该研究将侧重于复杂碳水化合物，蛋白质和核酸的鉴定，最初的重点是蛋白质。该方法将在整个项目中得到完善，以开发新技术，用于识别复杂家庭土壤的成分。该项目将作为iCASE与宝洁公司（P&G）合作完成，宝洁公司将提供待筛选的污染织物，以及工程和物理科学研究理事会（EPSRC）每年4600英镑的资金。该过程的第一步将是识别和订购与特定蛋白质、碳水化合物或核酸结合的各种mAb。这将使用P&G从其初步实验中提供的信息来完成。

The chemistry involved in homecare and fabric cleaning can sometimes be complex. It often involves the adhesion of many components, including carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. These components contaminate our clothing and other household items through simple daily use including contact with the skin, which is one of the major sources of laundry soils (Rajaganesh and Krifa, 2017). Proteins such as keratin, the most abundant structural protein in human skin and hair, contain high amounts of disulphide bonds causing them to adhere strongly to the surface of fabrics or are trapped between fibres and therefore resist enzymatic degradation during the washing process (Hoshino et al., 1995; Jaouadi et al., 2009). This problem is being exacerbated by the growing trend in society to wash at lower temperatures for better energy efficiency (Paul et al., 2016). This has led to a search for better enzymes in nature that not only perform well at low temperatures but can also degrade complex soils, including soluble and insoluble proteins such as keratin and proteins contained in blood (Paul et al., 2016). However, the search for new enzymes for detergents often begins without any research being performed into what exactly is contained within the soil before and after washing. Current methods used in the homecare and fabric cleaning industry do not enable the detection and quantification of major contaminants found in soiled garments (Rajaganesh and Krifa, 2017). The proposed project aims to develop and apply hundreds of advanced molecular probes using high throughput arrays to identify key substrates involved in the adhesion of soils and malodours to fabrics and other household items. The techniques used in the project will allow for the identification of substrates contained in soils that adhere to fabrics before and after washing with water and enzyme-based detergents. Specifically, the project involves the use of comprehensive microarray polymer profiling (COMPP) which has previously been extensively used for analysis of plant cell walls by combining the extraction of cell wall polysaccharides with the use of microarrays that are probed with various monoclonal antibodies (mAb) (Moller et al., 2007). COMPP is a semiquantitative high throughput method that has been used and refined in recent years in various research projects, mainly involving the identification of complex plant cell wall polysaccharide components (Moller et al., 2007; Moller et al., 2012; Mravec et al., 2017). This project proposes using COMPP to identify specific components that make up the complex soils that adhere to common household items including clothing fabrics. COMPP will be performed using the microarrays in the Devonshire building of Newcastle University with the aid of Professor William Willats research group. The research will focus on the identification of complex carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids, with an initial focus on proteins. The method will be refined throughout the project to develop new technologies for the identification of the components of complex household soils. The project will be completed as an iCASE in collaboration with Procter & Gamble (P&G) who will provide the soiled fabrics to be screened, alongside funding of £4600 per year from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). The first step in the process will be to identify and order various mAbs that bind to specific proteins, carbohydrates or nucleic acids. This will be done using information provided by P&G from their preliminary experiments.