From Republic to Lordship. Southern Italian Influence on the Northern City-States' Governance and on the Rise of the Urban Lords

从共和到领主。

• 批准号: 2283359
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Edinburgh
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2019 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2283359
• 关键词: Republic; Lordship.; Southern; Italian; Influence

When we think that the Italian city-states are widely considered an early form of the modern republics (including outside medieval studies, e.g. Quentin Skinner), the importance of studying their transformation into personal lordships becomes clear.In the second half of the 13th century, with the acquisition of the Kingdom of Sicily, Charles I of Anjou, created a solid power base to control most of the rest of Italy, and planned further expansions towards the East. Thereby, most of the northern Italian city-republics came to be part of a network of officials of proven Guelph (pro-Papal) loyalty, managed by the King of Sicily. This proposal aims to examine this hegemony until the death of King Robert the Wise in 1343, when a dynastic crisis dramatically changed the situation.Until recently, the Angevin dominations in many Italian towns were considered unimportant interludes and have been usually just mentioned in the works on the city-communes. A new approach to the history of the Italian city-republics has been established recently and its working hypothesis is that the Angevin monarchy was crucial for the political dynamics of Northern Italian towns. This new historiographical trend has focused the analysis on the circulation of the communal officials and on the city-republic's political evolution from republican to signorial forms of government.This research aims to apply that interpretation to the areas of Bologna/Romagna which are currently totally unexplored from that point of view but are of great potential significance. The importance of this region for the development of signorial regimes has been acknowledged since the 1960s by John Larner's studies in Glasgow (The Lords of Romagna), but the importance of the Angevin dominations in that process has not been investigated. The region is also particularly significant because it was, geopolitically, a key linkage between the Northern cities, the Papal States and the South. Additionally, it was a frequent battleground between the political factions of Guelphs and Ghibellines (even the theatre of crusades). These two identities created a unique political tension, which characterised the region and favoured personal lordships.Through the analysis of a significant area of Italy, this research will answer a crucial, primary research question:How an external foreign power (the Southern Italian Angevin monarchy), contributed to the formation of urban elites in northern Italy and how these elites eventually created a personal (signorial) lordship.Also, other subsidiary questions will be answered:How southern Italian officials were used to wield power in northern Italy and how they were perceived.What was the impact of the Angevin dominations in the long term on the development of the regional states of the Italian Renaissance, on the party conflict, on the formation of supra-local identities and on the southern/northern Italian relationships.Moreover, in the particular case study of Bologna and Romagna, this research shall determine:How the Angevin monarchy affected the circulation of officials, the careers of individuals and eventually the development of signorial practices of government and what was the role of the great Roman families (Orsini, Colonna, Caetani), in this process. How the administration of justice in the region, in particular the anti-heretical trials and the persecution of the Ghibellines, was influenced by the Angevin officials.This research will outline an archetype to explain the formation of political elites and the development of signorie applicable also to other contexts, within and beyond Italy. In particular, a comparative analysis will be conducted between the Italian situation and similar developments in post-Hohenstaufen Germany, southern France and Kingdoms of Aragon/Catalonia and Castile.

当我们想到意大利城邦被广泛认为是现代共和国的早期形式时（包括中世纪研究之外的，例如昆汀·斯金纳），研究他们转变为个人领主的重要性变得清晰起来。在13世纪后半叶，随着西西里王国的获得，安茹的查理一世创造了一个坚实的权力基础，控制了意大利其余的大部分地区，并计划进一步向东扩张。因此，大多数北方意大利城市共和国都成为了忠于圭尔夫（亲教皇）的官员网络的一部分，由西西里国王管理。这一提议旨在考察直到1343年智者罗伯特国王去世之前的这种霸权，当时一场王朝危机戏剧性地改变了局面。直到最近，安茹在许多意大利城镇的统治被认为是不重要的插曲，通常只是在关于城市公社的著作中提到。最近，一种研究意大利城市共和国历史的新方法已经建立，其工作假设是，安茹君主制对意大利北方城镇的政治动态至关重要。这一新的史学趋势把重点放在分析市镇官员的流动和城市共和国从共和制到签署制政府的政治演变上。本研究旨在将这种解释应用于博洛尼亚/罗马涅地区，这些地区目前完全没有从这一观点出发进行探索，但具有巨大的潜在意义。自20世纪60年代以来，约翰·拉纳（John Larner）在格拉斯哥（《罗马涅上议院》）的研究中就承认了这一地区对领主制度发展的重要性，但安茹统治在这一过程中的重要性尚未得到研究。该地区也特别重要，因为它在地缘政治上是北方城市，教皇国和南方之间的关键联系。此外，它也是圭尔夫派和吉贝林派政治派别（甚至是十字军东征的战场）之间频繁的战场。这两种身份创造了一种独特的政治紧张局势，这种紧张局势是该地区的特点，有利于个人领主。通过对意大利一个重要地区的分析，本研究将回答一个至关重要的主要研究问题：外部外国势力如何（意大利南部安茹君主制），促成了北方意大利城市精英的形成，以及这些精英最终如何创造了一个个人的此外，其他附属问题将得到回答：意大利南部官员如何被用来在北方意大利行使权力，以及他们是如何被看待的。从长远来看，安茹统治对意大利地区国家的发展有什么影响？此外，在博洛尼亚和罗马涅的特殊案例研究中，本研究将确定：安茹君主制如何影响官员的流通，个人的职业生涯，并最终影响政府的签名实践的发展，以及伟大的罗马家族（Orsini，科隆纳，Caetani）在这一过程中的作用。如何在该地区的司法行政，特别是反异端审判和吉贝林派的迫害，是由Angevin官员的影响。这项研究将勾勒出一个原型来解释政治精英的形成和signorie的发展也适用于其他情况下，内外意大利。特别是，将对意大利局势与霍亨斯陶芬战役后的德国、法国南部和阿拉贡/加泰罗尼亚和卡斯蒂利亚王国的类似事态发展进行比较分析。