Competing Hierarchies and Civic Identity: The Papacy and the Church of Milan, c.1000-1250

点击翻译按钮获取中文摘要

The proposed research will investigate the political and ecclesiastical relationship between the papacy and the Church of Milan, the chief competitor to Rome in the western Church, and a crucial diocese over which the Investiture Contest was fought. Analysing regionalism versus universalism, it will deepen our knowledge of conflicting identities at both the micro and the macro level, and through the assessment of competing hierarchies within an institutional body it will enhance how we interpret models of power within institutions on a broader scale.The aims are:1)Using Milan as a case study, to offer a revisionary approach which will change the way we understand competing hierarchies within the Latin Christian Church at a time of radical institutional transformation.2)To understand how, given the 'failure' of the Italian kings in the tenth century, and as imperial authority receded in favour of more localised power structures, the papal claim of universal authority was received in Milan.3)To reconcile how civic patriotism developed in Milan, through the prism of its Church, alongside allegiance to Rome.Milan is an ideal candidate for a case study on institutional hierarchies within the Latin Church as it was a prestigious, geographically close, and potentially threatening rival of Rome. Milan's economic power exceeded that of the papacy, it had a strong identity and rich ecclesiastical history; the archbishopric held its own primatial claims and even had its own liturgy - both at odds with the assertions of the revived papacy born in the eleventh century, which it contested elsewhere. The papacy stridently asserted universal authority over Latin Christendom, even warring with those who challenged it. Concessions made to Milan contrast this and beg the question of how much political expediency was involved in the genesis of the papal monarchy.There is great scope for a new, extended analysis of the papal-Milanese relationship, as Milanese allegiances, of both the Church and commonality, meandered from Holy Roman Empire to papacy - I intend to discover why this was, and how secure the eventual papal loyalty was - how it affected and was affected by social and civic identity. Ambrosian traditions were cherished, spurring resistance to papal reform - where did this strong identity sit in the archbishopric's place in the Latin Church hierarchy? In this period of dramatic change in power structures, attention has predominantly been focused on clashes between regnum (kingdom) and sacerdotium (priesthood). A study of inter-institutional dynamics is desperately needed in order to accurately frame more notorious conflicts without. The methodology will involve an exhaustive analysis of the charter evidence relating to the Milanese Church, and any archiepiscopal and papal documents such as letters, decrees, and council reports relevant to the relationship between the papacy and the archbishopric of Milan. In these sources I will undertake a meticulous lexical analysis, offering a close examination of key Latin terminology used to define the relationship. Much of our current perception is based on problematic translations/interpretations and potential mis-readings, and a closer critical, contextual focus on vocabulary will enable me to revise and nuance understandings of the papal-Milanese interrelationship. I will examine how official language was presented and changed, with certain conventions at times omitted or included, paying close attention to how the words of official language relate to shifts in political manoeuvring behind the diplomatic - ultimately boiling down to: language is power. Assessment of how both parties presented themselves, and the other, will unearth important evidence regarding respective perceived identities. I will test the hypothesis that this was a friendship of convenience and thus comprehensively revise the understanding of the papal monarchy as top-down in a position of a universalist model.