Injury Induced Facilitated Neurogenic Inflammation

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Fractures and nerve injuries can lead to the development of a complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). This syndrome presents with a baffling array of clinical findings, including increased cutaneous blood flow, increased skin temperature, spontaneous protein extravasation, limb edema, periarticular osteopenia, spontaneous pain, hyperalgesia and allodynia. The mechanism underlying this pathophysiology is unknown and most CRPS patients with persistent symptoms are permanently disabled. This proposal tests the hypothesis that the injuries that most frequently cause CRPS Type I (distal limb fractures) and Type II (incomplete nerve injuries) in man evoke similar syndromes in rats, including changes in cutaneous vascular function (increased skin temperature, vasodilatation, and spontaneous extravasation), bony tissue (periarticular osteopenia measured by radiographs and absorptiometry), and nociceptive thresholds (hindpaw hyperalgesia and allodynia). After establishing that the fracture and incomplete nerve injury rat models resemble CRPS Type I and II, the next step will be to test the hypothesis that facilitated substance P signaling mediates the vascular, bony and nociceptive changes observed in these injury models. To confirm this hypothesis, neurotoxic lesioning of the substance P containing neurons will be used to prevent the development of vascular, bony, and nociceptive changes in the injury models, while substance P receptor antagonists will be used to reverse CRPS pathophysiology in these models. Finally, this proposal will utilize the CRPS models to develop invasive and noninvasive techniques for measuring facilitated cutaneous neurogenic inflammatory responses, techniques which can be used in future investigations examining facilitated substance P signaling in CRPS patients. These techniques include using cutaneous microdialysis and laser Doppler blood flow measurements to determine protein extravasation and vasodilatation responses to electrical stimulation and substance P microinfusion. A less invasive method will use cutaneous iontophoresis of substance P to evoke a facilitated vasodilatation response measured by laser Doppler. The information collected during the course of these studies will greatly contribute to our understanding of the role of facilitated substance P signaling in the vascular, bony, and nociceptive CRPS sequelae, and will contribute to the ultimate goal of improving the efficacy and safety of the pharmacologic management of these diverse consequences of injury.