ANATOMICAL SPECIALIZATIONS OF THE HUMAN PHARYNX

人类咽部的解剖学特点

• 批准号: 6703163
• 负责人: LIANCAI MU
• 金额: $ 25.43万
• 依托单位: ICAHN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT MOUNT SINAI
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2001
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2001-02-01 至 2005-01-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/6703163
• 关键词: acetylcholinesterase; age difference; anatomy; cranial nerves; gender difference; human tissue; immunocytochemistry; innervation; isozymes; myosins; pharynxs; postmortem; racial /ethnic difference

DESCRIPTION (Applicant's abstract): What variables in the neuromuscular properties of the human pharynx make some patients more susceptible to aspiration, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), acid reflux, cricopharyngeal spasm and other disorders of the pharyngeal region? In most mammals (and neonatal humans) the respiratory system is protected by overlapping the epiglottis and soft palate, however with separation of these structures the human at risk of aspiration, and this is often the cause of death in the elderly and neurologically impaired. At present the basic neuromuscular specializations of the human pharynx are poorly understood. In preliminary work numerous novel observations were made, one example is that of the human cricopharyngeus (CP) muscle; That the CP receives its innervation from multiple nerves, each of which supplies a distinct region within the muscle, and that it contains specialized muscle fibers. One of these, slow tonic muscle fibers (STMF) has a unique physiology. STMF are extremely rare in mammals but preliminary work has shown that they are widespread in human upper airway structures including the tongue and larynx. Moreover the particular distribution of these fiber suggests that they are directly related to distinct biomechanics. The proposed work will focus on clarifying the peripheral organization patterns of the human pharyngeal plexus and characterizing the intrinsic properties of the CP and the muscles surrounding the pharynx to answer the questions: what anatomic specializations are present that appear specific to humans and possibly speech and swallowing related? What variations in these specializations correlate with certain ethnic (black males OSA), genders (males reflux, OSA) and especially geriatric (CP spasm and aspiration) susceptibility to specific disorders? All studies will be done in human post-mortem tissue. The motor and sensory nerve supply to the pharyngeal region will be studied using Sihler's stain. An additional hypothesis to be tested is that the human glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) provides motor innervation not only to the traditionally described stylopharyngeus, but also to the CP and pharyngeal constrictor muscles as demonstrated by our preliminary studies. This will be studied by triple approaches: Sihler's stain whole-mount acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and silver stain, and Karnovsky-Roots' method. Another hypothesis to be tested is that most swallowing-related muscles are specialized and composed of neuromuscular compartments (NMC) as functional requirements. Our preliminary studies provided evidence for the existence of the NMC within the human CP inferior constrictor and geniohyoid muscles. In addition, the human CP appears to be a specialized skeletal muscle as it contains slow tonic and a-cardiac myosin heavy chain isoforms that are not normally present in limb muscles. The muscular specializations of the upper esophageal sphincter, pharyngeal constrictor and suprahyoid muscles will be explored using a wide variety of histochemical, immunohistochemical, electrophoretic and immunoblotting techniques The muscle fiber architecture, distribution of the fiber types and the major and unusual myosin heavy chain isoforms will be studied.

描述（申请人的摘要）：神经肌肉中的哪些变量 人咽的特性使某些患者更容易受到 抽吸，阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停（OSA），胃酸反流，咽喉痉挛 和咽部地区的其他疾病？在大多数哺乳动物中（和新生儿 人类）呼吸系统受到上层和呼吸系统的保护 柔软的口感，但是，随着这些结构的分离，人类有风险 愿望，这通常是老年人死亡的原因， 神经学上受损。目前是基本的神经肌肉专业 人类咽知之甚少。在初步作品中，许多小说 进行了观察，一个例子是人类咽喉（CP） 肌肉; CP从多个神经中获得神经支配，每个神经 在肌肉内提供不同区域，其中包含 专门的肌肉纤维。其中之一，缓慢的补体肌肉纤维（STMF）具有 独特的生理学。 STMF在哺乳动物中极为罕见，但初步工作 表明它们在人类的上呼吸道结构中很普遍 舌头和喉。此外，这些纤维的特殊分布建议 它们与不同的生物力学直接相关。拟议的工作将 专注于阐明人类的外围组织模式 咽丛，并表征CP的内在特性 咽部周围的肌肉回答问题：什么解剖学 存在特定于人类和可能讲话的专业 和吞咽有关？这些专业的变化与 某些种族（黑人男性OSA），性别（雄性反流，OSA），尤其是 老年（CP痉挛和抽吸）对特定疾病的敏感性？全部 研究将在人类后组织中进行。电机和感觉神经 将使用Sihler的污渍来研究咽部区域的供应。一个 要测试的其他假设是人胃神经 （ix）不仅提供了传统描述的运动神经 样式咽喉，但也属于CP和咽部收缩肌肉 通过我们的初步研究证明。这将通过三重研究 方法：Sihler的污渍全置乙酰胆碱酯酶（ACHE）和银 污渍和卡诺夫斯基 - 根的方法。要检验的另一个假设是 大多数与吞咽相关的肌肉都是专业的，并且由神经肌肉组成 车厢（NMC）作为功能要求。我们提供的初步研究 NMC存在于人类CP较低收缩器中的证据 和基因舌肌。此外，人类CP似乎是专业的 骨骼肌含有缓慢的补品和A肌球蛋白重链 通常不存在于肢体肌肉中的同工型。肌肉 食管上部括约肌，咽部收缩和 将使用多种组织化学， 免疫组织化学，电泳和免疫印迹技术肌肉 纤维结构，纤维类型的分布以及主要和不寻常的 将研究肌球蛋白重链同工型。