Criminological knowledge, policy, and penal reform in Scotland since 1990

概述：这项研究将考察苏格兰关于改革和监禁作用的辩论如何与关于社会应该如何运行的更广泛的意识形态和政治对话相联系；以及这些对话如何塑造学术知识的创造、交流和吸收。现有的犯罪学关于刑罚变化的历史通过自上而下地分析学院以及整个英国和苏格兰的刑事政策中广泛的意识形态变化(例如，政策从“改过自新”到“惩罚性”；与政策的学术联系从强到断；学术工作要么是“关键的”，要么是“行政的”)未能探索变革和冲突时期涉及的思想和政治动态、运动和斗争，从而简化了这种关系。背景：我将通过对关键参与者的回忆，详细探讨自1990年以来苏格兰在塑造刑罚文化和政策方面的一些关键“斗争”：研究是如何形成的，意识形态边界是如何形成的，他们选择传播知识的方式，以及在政治背景下似乎可能发生的事情。1990年标志着苏格兰刑罚论调的转变，是多年来围绕国家建设和刑罚制度政治化和骚乱的紧张局势的高潮。这一转折点扩大了“核心框架”，塑造了政府与学术研究和出版物之间关系的未来，对知识的创造和吸收具有重大影响。政府和刑法改革游说团体经常在国家建设叙事中使用与其他刑罚文化的抱负比较，并将废奴主义知识纳入由政府资助的改革派出版物中，尽管监狱仍然很高。追求不同未来的犯罪学家之间的意识形态分歧以及与政府互动的模式继续分裂该领域。这项研究将探索知识如何与政治和文化斗争纠缠在一起，以及参与者如何对此做出回应，以追求特定的政治和意识形态未来。方法：首先，通过对文本的解释学检查，找出苏格兰刑罚文化中的关键时刻，并为主要的实证项目设定背景：对这些竞赛中的几个关键参与者进行定性的“生活史”式采访。这些人将通过他们在政府、刑事司法系统、大学和相关组织的职位来洞察这些辩论。这一方法使该项目有别于苏格兰现有的关于思想与刑罚文化之间关系的工作。刑事斗争和变化动态的微观恢复将揭示犯罪学思想如何定位于政治未来的愿景中，并提供对学术犯罪学对内外政策犯罪反应的影响的更社会学的理解。影响：这将解决与苏格兰惩教文化和政治接触的需要，超越“例外主义”，增加犯罪学领域的反身性。通过更好地理解不同类型的犯罪学知识与更广泛的思想和政治对话和运动之间的关系，我们更好地理解如何在“乌托邦现实主义”的利益下实施变革。考虑到关于犯罪学知识未来的长期辩论，以及刑法改革辩论和监禁作为谈判社会正义、政府与公民关系和苏格兰民族认同问题的场所的作用，这是及时的。

Overview: This research will examine the way debates over reform and the role of imprisonment in Scotland link to wider ideological and political conversations over how society should be run; and how these shape the creation, communication, and uptake of academic knowledge. Existing criminological histories of penal change simplify this relationship in top down analyses of broad ideological shifts in the academy and in UK-wide and Scottish penal policy (e.g. policy from 'rehabilitative' to 'punitive'; academic links to policy from strong to severed; academic work as either 'critical' or 'administrative') failing to explore the ideological and political dynamics, movements, and struggles involved in periods of change and conflict. Context: I will look in detail at some of these key 'struggles' to shape penal culture and policy in Scotland since 1990, through recollections of key actors on: how research is shaped, how ideological boundaries are formed, the way they choose to communicate knowledge, and what seems possible in political contexts. 1990 marked a transformation in Scotland's penal rhetoric, a culmination of years of tensions around nation building and the politicization of, and riots against, penal regimes. This turning point expanded the 'carceral framework' and shaped the future of the relationship between government and academic research and publications, with strong implications for the creation and uptake of knowledge. The government and penal reform lobby frequently use aspirational comparisons with other penal cultures in nation building narratives, and incorporating abolitionist knowledge into 'reformist' government funded publications, despite continued high imprisonment. Ideological divides between criminologists pursuing different futures and modes of interacting with government continue to divide the field. The research will explore how knowledge has been entangled with political and cultural struggles, and how actors have responded to this in pursuit of particular political and ideological futures. Methodology: Firstly, through the hermeneutic examination of texts, identifying key moments in Scottish penal culture and setting a context for the main empirical project: qualitative 'life-history' style interviews with several key actors in these contests. These would be individuals with insight into these debates through their positions in government, the criminal justice system, universities, and relevant organizations. This methodology distinguishes the project from existing work on the relationship between ideas and penal culture in Scotland. The micro recovery of the dynamics of penal struggles and change will uncover how criminological ideas are situated within visions of political futures, and offer a more sociological understanding of academic criminology's impact on responses to crime- in and outside policy. Impact: This will address the need for engagement with Scottish penal culture and politics beyond 'exceptionalism', increased reflexivity in the field of criminology. Through better understanding the relationship of different kinds of criminological knowledge to wider ideological and political conversations and movements, we better understand the how to enact change, in the interest of 'utopian realism'. This is timely given longstanding debates over the future of criminological knowledge, and the role of penal reform debate and imprisonment as a site to negotiate issues of social justice, the relationship between government and citizens, and Scotland's national identity.