Overt and Covert Selection During Reading

描述（由申请人提供）：阅读过程中的文本编码与语音编码有着根本的不同，因为阅读需要从一组空间有序的视觉符号中主动选择待识别的单词进行加工。在文献中，视觉选择分为两种形式。显性选择，通过引导眼睛注视文本中选定的单词，并在短时间内注视它来完成；隐性选择，在注视过程中控制对单词的处理。阅读过程中的眼动控制模型试图解释这两种选择是如何完成和协调的。为了推进该领域的理论发展，英霍夫博士研究了与固定单词在空间上相邻的单词和之前读过的非相邻单词的选择-固定和选择-处理。两个最近发展起来的动眼肌控制模型，基于本质上不同的选择假设，用于制定空间相邻（准中央可见）单词选择的判别预测；其中一个模型还为选择之前读过的单词提供了可行的假设。在既定的眼动-随动显示变化范式的基础上，研究人员利用该范式来操纵目标词注视过程中语言信息在时间和空间上的可得性，并控制注视过程中注意力的分配。一个新颖的范例，包括眼动-偶然的口头单词的呈现，被用来引发长时间的眼动，以先前阅读单词。这些操作对随后眼球运动的时间和空间模式的影响被用来描述这两种选择的性质和协调。本研究的结果将继续推进现有的熟练阅读过程中眼动控制的理论概念，并可能促进我们对一些与显性和隐性选择不良相关的阅读障碍的理解。它也应该有超出阅读领域的分支，因为隐蔽和公开选择的协调可能是有效视觉选择的重要组成部分。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Encoding of text during reading differs fundamentally from the encoding of speech in that reading requires the active selection for processing of to-be-recognized words from a spatially ordered set of visual symbols. Two forms of visual selection are distinguished in the literature. Overt selection, which is accomplished by directing the eyes to a selected word of text and by fixating it for a brief interval, and covert selection, which controls the processing of words during a fixation. Models of eye movement control during reading seek to explain how these two types of selection are accomplished and coordinated. To advance theoretical developments in the field, Dr. Inhoff examines the selection-for-fixation and the selection-for-processing of words that are spatially adjacent to a fixated word and of previously read nonadjacent words. Two recently developed models of oculomotor control, that are predicated on substantially different selection assumptions, are used to formulate discriminating predictions for the selection of spatially adjacent (parafoveally visible) words; one of the models also provides working hypotheses for the selection of previously read words. Extensions of an established eye-movement-contingent display change paradigm are used to manipulate the temporal and spatial availability of linguistic information to the right and left of a selected target word upon its fixation and to control the allocation of attention during a fixation. A novel paradigm, involving the eyemovement-contingent presentation of spoken words, is used to elicit long-range eye movements to previously read words. Effects of these manipulations on the temporal and spatial pattern of ensuing eye movements are then used to delineate the nature and coordination of the two types of selection. Results of the proposed work should continue to advance extant theoretical conceptions of eye movement control during skilled reading, and it may advance our understanding of some reading disabilities that are related to poor overt and covert selection. It should also have ramifications beyond the domain of reading, as coordination of covert and overt selection may be part and parcel of effective visual selection in general.