Overt and Covert Selection During Reading

描述(由申请人提供)：在阅读期间对文本进行编码与对语音进行编码的根本不同之处在于，阅读需要主动选择以从空间有序的视觉符号集中处理要被识别的单词。在文献中区分了两种形式的视觉选择。显性选择，通过将眼睛引导到文本的选定单词并短时间间隔地注视它来完成；以及隐蔽选择，在注视期间控制单词的处理。阅读过程中眼动控制的模型试图解释这两种类型的选择是如何完成和协调的。为了推动该领域的理论发展，英霍夫博士研究了空间上与固定单词相邻的单词和之前阅读过的不相邻单词的选择固定和选择加工。最近开发的两个基于基本不同的选择假设的眼动控制模型被用来制定对空间相邻(视旁可见)单词的选择的区别性预测；其中一个模型还为先前阅读的单词的选择提供了工作假设。已建立的眼动-顺应显示改变范例的扩展被用于在注视时操纵语言信息在所选目标词的右侧和左侧的时间和空间可用性，并在注视期间控制注意力的分配。一种新的范式，包括口语单词的眼动呈现，被用来引发之前阅读单词的远程眼动。这些手法对随后眼球运动的时间和空间模式的影响随后被用来描绘两种类型选择的性质和协调。这项工作的结果将继续推进现有的关于熟练阅读过程中眼动控制的理论概念，并可能促进我们对一些与不良的外显和内隐选择有关的阅读障碍的理解。它还应该在阅读领域之外产生影响，因为隐蔽和公开选择的协调通常可能是有效视觉选择的一部分。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Encoding of text during reading differs fundamentally from the encoding of speech in that reading requires the active selection for processing of to-be-recognized words from a spatially ordered set of visual symbols. Two forms of visual selection are distinguished in the literature. Overt selection, which is accomplished by directing the eyes to a selected word of text and by fixating it for a brief interval, and covert selection, which controls the processing of words during a fixation. Models of eye movement control during reading seek to explain how these two types of selection are accomplished and coordinated. To advance theoretical developments in the field, Dr. Inhoff examines the selection-for-fixation and the selection-for-processing of words that are spatially adjacent to a fixated word and of previously read nonadjacent words. Two recently developed models of oculomotor control, that are predicated on substantially different selection assumptions, are used to formulate discriminating predictions for the selection of spatially adjacent (parafoveally visible) words; one of the models also provides working hypotheses for the selection of previously read words. Extensions of an established eye-movement-contingent display change paradigm are used to manipulate the temporal and spatial availability of linguistic information to the right and left of a selected target word upon its fixation and to control the allocation of attention during a fixation. A novel paradigm, involving the eyemovement-contingent presentation of spoken words, is used to elicit long-range eye movements to previously read words. Effects of these manipulations on the temporal and spatial pattern of ensuing eye movements are then used to delineate the nature and coordination of the two types of selection. Results of the proposed work should continue to advance extant theoretical conceptions of eye movement control during skilled reading, and it may advance our understanding of some reading disabilities that are related to poor overt and covert selection. It should also have ramifications beyond the domain of reading, as coordination of covert and overt selection may be part and parcel of effective visual selection in general.