Impacts of corporate agri-business on Bolivia's Indigenous Peoples: a case study of soya bean value chains in the region of Santa Cruz

特别是玻利维亚，以其新自由主义历史而闻名，这使圣克鲁斯地区的大豆农业食品综合体受益匪浅。现有的论述详细说明了新自由主义政策如何为玻利维亚土著人民更高的贫困水平铺平了道路。最终，在21世纪初，这些事件导致了社会起义，最终导致前左翼政府的选举，即前总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯（2006-2019）领导的“MAS”（社会主义运动），他承诺打破企业权力，改善土著人民的生计。尽管如此，学者们声称，由于他与私营部门的政治联盟，他的政策本质上是新自由主义的。除了玻利维亚的情况外，公私伙伴关系（PPP）通常被认为是最大化发展融资（MFD）和改善发展成果的有效战略。汤森等人，（2018）发现，目前仅公共投资远远福尔斯于实现联合国可持续发展目标（SDG）所需的资金，这就是为什么建议私营部门的影响力，以帮助更有效地管理公共社会企业。然而，很少有人研究莫拉莱斯总统可能已经兑现了他的承诺，在一个意想不到的方式，通过PPPs.的问题支撑目前的调查如下：特别是在圣克鲁斯大豆复合体;什么影响可能有PPPs对土著人民的生计？1.可衡量的影响。首先，这项研究将提供新的替代前景，说明农业食品部门通过这些公私伙伴关系对土著人民生计的影响。这项工作的更大好处。其次，随着公私伙伴关系越来越多地被用作发展的政策工具，本项目的研究结果将对类似玻利维亚的发展中国家产生影响。长期目标。最后，研究结果将作为私营部门如何通过公私伙伴关系影响发展中国家的案例研究，对世界银行等组织目前的政策和研究具有重要意义。拟议的项目将利用家庭调查（2001-2018年），其中包含有关玻利维亚土著人民健康、教育和生活水平等因素的详细信息。我将把贫困视为一个潜在变量，评估常用贫困指标的相对有效性，并构建一个具有内生估计权重的汇总潜在变量，同时考虑到测量误差。与标准的加性贫困指数不同，使用长期目标模型被认为是发展研究的一种创新方法，其优点是不从表面价值考虑贫困指数，也不假设任何这些指数都是同样“有效”的衡量标准;其次，合乎逻辑的方法是使用差异中的差异（DID）方法来估计购买力平价对土著人民生计的影响。在这种方法中，“处理”将指购买力平价，处理组将是受购买力平价影响的特定感兴趣地区，在这种情况下是圣克鲁斯。DID将与匹配方法相结合，以增强处理单元和对照单元之间的可比性。本研究将使用两个对照单位：与玻利维亚具有相似特征但不存在公私伙伴关系的其他国家（如智利或秘鲁），或玻利维亚有土著居民但尚未受到公私伙伴关系影响的地区。

Bolivia, in particular, is known for its neoliberal history, that has benefitted the Soya Bean agri-food complex in the Santa Cruz region. Existing discourse provides a detailed account of how neoliberal policies paved the way for higher poverty levels for Bolivia's Indigenous Peoples. Eventually, in the early 2000s, these events resulted in social uprisings, culminating in the election of the former left-wing government, the 'MAS' (Movimiento al Socialismo) run by former President Evo Morales (2006-2019), who promised to break corporate power to improve indigenous peoples' livelihoods. Despite this, academics claim his policies have been neoliberal in nature, due to his political alliances with the private sector.Beyond the situation in Bolivia, Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs), are regularly considered to be an effective strategy for Maximising Finance for Development (MFD) and improving development outcomes. Townsend et al., (2018) found that public investment alone currently falls far behind what is needed to be able to meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG's), which is why private sector influence has been recommended to help manage public social enterprises more efficiently. However, little has been Researched about the possibility that President Morales may have been delivering on his promises in an unanticipated way, through PPPs.The question underpinning the current investigation is as follows:With particular reference to the Soya Bean complex in Santa Cruz; What impacts may have PPPs had on the livelihoods of indigenous peoples?1. Measurable impacts. First, this research will provide new alternative prospects on the effects of from the agri-food sector on the livelihoods of indigenous peoples via these PPPs.2. Wider benefits of this work. Secondly, as PPPs are increasingly used as a policy instrument for development, the findings of this project will have implications for developing countries similar to Bolivia.3. Long-term goals. Lastly, the results will be useful as a case study of how the private sector can influence developing countries through PPPs; significant for current policy and research carried out by organisations such as The World Bank.The proposed project will make use of household surveys (2001-2018), which contain detailed information about factors such as health, education and standards of living of Bolivia's indigenous peoples. These are publicly available in the government's Instituto Nacional de Estadistica (INE) website.I am going to consider poverty as a latent variable; assessing the relative validity of commonly used poverty indicators and constructing a summary latent variable with endogenously estimated weights, also accounting for measurement error. Unlike standard additive poverty indices, using an LTM is considered an innovative approach for development studies that has the advantage of not taking poverty indices at face value or assume that any of these are equally "valid" measures.Secondly, the logical approach would be to use the difference-in-difference (DID) method to estimate the impacts of PPPs on the livelihoods of Indigenous peoples. In this approach, the 'treatment' will refer to PPPs, and the treated group would be the specific area of interest affected by PPPs, in this case being Santa Cruz. DID will be combined with matching methods in order to enhance comparability between the treated and control units. Two control units will be used for this study; other countries that share similar characteristics to Bolivia but where PPPs are not present (e.g. Chile or Peru), or regions in Boliviawhere Indigenous populations are present but have not yet been affected by PPPs.