Coercion, Capital, and The Latin American City: Understanding Territorial Control and Governance in Marginalised Urban Communities

自民主化以来，许多拉丁美洲国家通过高度镇压和军事化的战略来应对其领土上的暴力非国家行为者。然而，最近在整个区域的城市尝试了许多安抚方案，这些方案将联合收割机社区警务与发展举措相结合，并试图将无政府、暴力和边缘化的城市空间重新纳入国家治理的轨道。这些多年期方案雄心勃勃地背离了当前的区域趋势，对安全和治理采用了比通常采用的更全面的办法。尽管如此，这些不同方案的持久性似乎存在着值得注意的差异，有些证明是扩大国家治理的可持续手段，而另一些则在减少或崩溃。如何解释这些不同的结果？显著的次国家差异表明，我们应该谨慎地从国家趋势中推断太多，因此本项目将城市作为分析单位。这种方法认识到高度地方化的大都市政治的根本重要性和特殊性，避免了与过度概括宏观层面变化相关的陷阱。将次国家政治置于中央国家政策之上，是理解事实上的权力关系如何影响治理和安全管理，以及国家和非国家行为体的网络关系如何以对拉丁美洲城市居民具有重大影响的方式影响政治方向的关键。这项研究将借鉴巴西、哥伦比亚和墨西哥城市的案例研究。在发展一个理论框架来解释可持续性或下降的原因，我会考虑这些安抚方案作为国家建设的微观层面的行为，它提供了独特的见解有争议的国家建设过程中的环境与竞争节点的权力和重叠的治理结构。这将增加一个新兴的文学机构，其中质疑国家建设和治理的流行概念，并试图证明非国家行为者（暴力和非暴力）在拉丁美洲国家建设过程中继续发挥的复杂作用。这项研究将重点放在地方政治精英，私营部门的行为者和暴力的非国家行为者，这将是一个新的贡献，现有的奖学金，为学者和政策制定者提供经验教训。

Since democratisation, many Latin American states have responded to the presence of violent non-state actors in their territories through highly repressive, militarised strategies. However, numerous pacification programmes have recently been attempted in cities across the region, which combine community policing with development initiatives and attempt to reintegrate ungoverned, violent and marginalised urban spaces into the orbit of state governance. These multiyear programmes are ambitious departures from prevailing regional trends, utilising a more holistic approach to security and governance than is generally employed. Nonetheless, there appears to be noteworthy variation among the durability of these different programmes, with some proving to be sustainable means of extending state governance and others dwindling or collapsing. What explains these varied outcomes? Significant subnational variation indicates that we should be cautious in inferring too much from national trends, and so this project takes the city as the unit of analysis. This approach recognises the fundamental importance and specificities of highly-localised metropolitan politics, avoiding the pitfalls associated with over-generalising about macro-level changes. Foregrounding subnational politics over central state policy is key to understanding how de facto power relations affect governance and security management, and how the networked-relations of state and non-state actors influence the direction of politics in ways which are highly consequential for the residents of Latin America's cities. This research will draw on case studies of cities from Brazil, Colombia and Mexico. In developing a theoretical framework for explaining the causes of sustainability or decline, I will consider these pacification programmes as micro-level acts of state-building, which provide unique insights into contentious state-building processes in environments with competing nodes of power and imbricated governance structures. This will add to a burgeoning body of literature which problematises prevailing notions of state-building and governance and seeks to demonstrate the complex role which non-state actors (violent and non-violent) continue to play in the very process of state-building in Latin America. Focussing on local political elites, private-sector actors, and violent non-state actors, this research will be a novel contribution to the existing scholarship, providing lessons for both academics and policy-makers.