"Making Ulster the tourists Mecca": tourism, identity and modernization in the north of Ireland, 1901-1971

学者们密切关注英国和爱尔兰旅游业发展的形象和现实，从它如何激发民族主义运动到它在发展农村和城市地区中的重要性（例如，Cronin和奥康纳，2003年，关于爱尔兰; Lickorish，2005年，关于英国）。对英国和爱尔兰南部旅游业的研究比比皆是，但对爱尔兰北部（和爱尔兰北方）的关注却很缺乏。政治主导了学术兴趣：许多旅游研究要么集中在分裂之前的时期，要么集中在问题的影响和遗产上（James，2012; Lesley，1999）。就连斯蒂芬·博伊德（Stephen Boyd）也承认，对于这6个县来说，“很少有人提到旅游业在战争开始后的几十年以及战后直到1960年的几十年中所发挥的作用”（博伊德，2017，2013，2019）。在这个博士学位，我试图探索和挑战缺乏深入分析到旅游文化在爱尔兰北部。我涵盖了1901年至1971年之间的旅游业发展，从维多利亚女王去世到“阿尔斯特71”公民节的时期-一个政治和社会变革的时期，无论是在阿尔斯特的治理和旅游业的发展更广泛。回答我的3个研究问题将显示变化和连续性，并以一种在阿尔斯特的许多民族宗教研究中经常缺乏的方式阐明身份和发展的争议性质（O 'Connell，2013）。我的论文将有助于更广泛的现代旅游史学的贡献，更多的地方推广和身份创造在一个结构性分裂的社会的案例研究。在这篇论文中我会问：1。在何种程度上围绕旅游开发的话语反映了这一时期统一党的政治目标和对一个独特的“阿尔斯特”身份的辩论？2.不同的利益相关者，如酒店，地方议会，企业和（1921年后）斯托蒙特政府如何互动，以促进旅游业的发展和面对它提出的问题？3.围绕阿尔斯特旅游业的讨论是否反映或偏离了爱尔兰其他地区、英国及其他地区更广泛的技术、政治和文化发展，如战争、分治或媒体的发展？为了回答这些问题，我将结合联合收割机政府和志愿协会的广泛档案研究，在当地和区域新闻和当代作家和艺术家，如圣约翰欧文（阿尔斯特的农村身份的推动者）的作品流行的话语仔细分析。沿着旅游学者（如克罗宁和奥康纳，2003），我将“阅读”城市和农村环境的文化代表性和象征意义，使用当代海报，照片和艺术品的机构收藏，如阿尔斯特博物馆。与旅游发展倡议有关的政府信函、立法和报告可在北方爱尔兰公共记录办公室、爱尔兰国家档案馆和伦敦国家档案馆查阅。北方爱尔兰的当地博物馆/图书馆，如堤道博物馆服务和亚麻厅图书馆，保存着包括旅行指南在内的材料，这些材料是地方制造/身份学者使用的关键来源（沃德，2005年，沃尔顿和伍德，2013年）。这些将有助于绘制关于爱尔兰北部旅游业的流行话语。结合对当地媒体（Bingham，2010年）、当代出版物和蜉蝣的密切分析，将有可能发现利益攸关方和评论员如何在公共领域就旅游发展的关键问题进行互动。我还将进行有限数量（最多10）的口述历史采访（遵循北方爱尔兰口述历史学家布赖森，2007年的方法）与那些参与战后时期的旅游业（如北方旅游局的成员）;我已经与几个人谁愿意接受采访。

Scholars have paid close attention to the imagery and reality of tourist development in Britain and Ireland, from how it galvanized nationalist movements to its importance in developing rural and municipal areas (e.g. Cronin and O'Connor, 2003, on Ireland; Lickorish, 2005, on Britain). Studies of British and southern Irish tourism abound, but focus on the north of Ireland (and Northern Ireland) is lacking. Politics dominate academic interest: many studies of tourism focus either on the period before partition or the impact and legacy of the Troubles (James, 2012; Lesley, 1999). Even Stephen Boyd, who has written on the region, has admitted that for the 6 counties, 'little has been written about the role that tourism played in the early decades after its creation up to the war and the decades post war until 1960' (Boyd, 2017, 2013, 2019). In this PhD I attempt to explore and challenge the lack of in-depth analysis into the culture of tourism in the north of Ireland. I cover tourist development between 1901 and 1971, the period from the death of Queen Victoria until the "Ulster 71" civic festival - a period of political and social change in both the governance of Ulster and the development of tourism more broadly. Answering my 3 research questions will show both change and continuity, and illuminate the contested nature of identity and development in a way that is often lacking in many ethno-religious studies of Ulster (O'Connell, 2013). My thesis will contribute to the broader historiography of modern tourism by more contributing a case-study of place promotion and identity creation in a structurally divided society. In this thesis I will ask: 1. To what extent did the discourse around tourist development reflect Unionist political goals in this period and the debate over a distinct 'Ulster' identity? 2. How did different stakeholders such as hotels, local councils, businesses and (after 1921) the Stormont government interact to promote tourist development and confront the issues it presented? 3. Did the discourse around tourism in Ulster reflect or diverge from wider technological, political and cultural developments in the rest of Ireland, Britain and beyond, such as war and partition or development of the media? To answer these questions, I will combine extensive archival research of governmental and voluntary associations with careful analysis of prevailing discourses in the local and regional press and the works of contemporary writers and artists, such as St John Ervine (a promoter of Ulster's rural identity). Along with scholars of tourism (e.g. Cronin and O'Connor, 2003) I will 'read' the cultural representation and symbolism of both urban and rural environments, using contemporary posters, photographs and artworks in the collections of institutions like the Ulster Museum. Government correspondence, legislation and reports related to tourist development initiatives can be found in the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, the National Archives of Ireland and the National Archives in London. Local museums/libraries in Northern Ireland such as the Causeway Museum Services and the Linen Hall Library hold material including travel guides, key sources that have been used by scholars of placemaking/identity (Ward, 2005, Walton and Wood, 2013). These will help chart the prevailing discourses about tourism in the north of Ireland. Combining these with close analysis of the local press (Bingham, 2010), contemporary publications and ephemera it will be possible to discover how stakeholders and commentators interacted in the public sphere over key issues around tourist development. I will also undertake a limited number (max.10) of oral history interviews (following the methodology of Northern Irish oral historian Bryson, 2007) with those involved with the tourist industry in the post-war period (such as members of the Northern Tourist Board); I have already made contact with several people who are willing to be interviewed.