Cultures, crops and choices: new insights into Anglo-Scandinavian farming and settlement from analysis of terroir.

斯堪的纳维亚人在英格兰的定居记录在《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》中，但其他来源是切入口的，斯堪的纳维亚人定居的考古特征仍然难以捉摸。事实上，如果不是对英格兰北部和东部的语言和地名产生了深远的影响，就很难证明这一点。因此，需要一种新的方法来确定斯堪的纳维亚在景观中的存在并衡量其影响。这项研究源于之前的工作——对雷克河（莱斯特郡）河谷的微观研究——该研究将定居地的风土与当地的农业实践联系起来，并强调了斯堪的纳维亚定居者与土著居民在农业选择上的显著差异。这项研究是最早将风土概念应用于历史背景的研究之一。它展示了风土的影响是如何通过对地名、农耕文化、聚落和田野系统布局的积极选择来反映和折射的。这项博士研究以这些概念为基础，调查在斯堪的纳维亚影响下的其他地区和英国其他地方是否存在类似的联系。研究结果将与中世纪早期丹麦和瑞典的农业实践和定居发展的证据相对照。通过比较在不同的农业环境和文化中做出的选择，这项研究将为中世纪早期英格兰的谷物化过程和从畜牧业到耕地生产的转变提供新的视角。要解决的研究问题包括：bys与斯堪的纳维亚式养牛的联系以及thorps与耕地扩张的联系是否适用于莱斯特郡以外的地区？提出的thorps发育与谷物化之间的因果关系能否在时间上联系起来？更普遍的是，其他居住性地名元素，如wics和beveits，是否与农业实践和风土有特定的联系？将对三个区域进行调查和比较，每个区域约覆盖100个乡镇，并在ArcGIS中记录和分析数据。

The Scandinavian settlement of England is recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle but other sources are tangential and the archaeological signature of Scandinavian settlement remains elusive. Indeed, if it was not for the profound impact on the language and place-names of northern and eastern England it would be difficult to evidence at all. A new approach is therefore needed to locate the Scandinavian presence in the landscape and to gauge its influence.This research grows out of previous work-a microstudy of the valley of the River Wreake (Leicestershire)-that linked settlement terroir to local agrarian practices and highlighted distinctive differences in the farming choices made by Scandinavian settlers compared to those made by the indigenous population. The study was one of the first to apply the concept of terroir in an historical context. It showed how the influence of terroir is reflected and refracted through active choices made about place-naming, farming culture, and the layout of settlements and field-systems. This doctoral research builds on those concepts, investigating whether similar linkages exist in other areas under Scandinavian influence and elsewhere in England. The results will be set against evidence for farming practices and settlement development in early medieval Denmark and Sweden. By comparing choices made in different farming environments and cultures the study will provide fresh perspectives on the process of cerealisation and the shift from animal husbandry to arable production in early medieval England. Research questions to be addressed include: Does the association of bys with Scandinavian-style cattle farming and thorps with arable expansion hold true for areas beyond Leicestershire? Can the proposed causal association between the development of thorps and cerealisation be linked temporally? And more generally, do other habitative place-name elements, such as wics and bveits have specific associations with farming practice and terroir?Three areas, each covering about a hundred townships will be investigated and compared, and data recorded and analysed in ArcGIS.